1. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN

2. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

3. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Overview of the Brain The brain consists of three major parts Brainstem Cerebellum Cerebrum

4. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution Brain Size and Encephalization – Encephalization quotients – Sex differences in primate brain size

5. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution (cont’d) Brain Size in the Fossil Record – Early hominins and robust Australopithecines – Early Homo and Homo erectus – Archaic Homo sapiens, Neandertals, and Modern Homo sapiens

6. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution (cont’d) Brain Reorganization – Olfactory bulbs – Frontal lobes prefrontal region – Primary visual regions lunate sulcus

7. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Language: Biology and Evolution The unique system of communication used by members of the human species

8. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Language: Biology and Evolution (cont’d) Language is an adaptation – Anatomical specialization Language is semantic – Symbolic meaning Language is phonemic – Combined phonemes Language is grammatical – Syntax

9. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Language: Biology and Evolution (cont’d) Language in the Brain – Lateralized 95% of population has language centers on the left hemisphere – Localized Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area Arcuate fasciculus Angular gyrus Sylvian fissure

10. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Language in the Throat Supralaryngeal airway PharynxTrachea Larynx Increased risk of choking Language: Biology and Evolution (cont’d)

11. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Language: Biology and Evolution (cont’d) Language Ability and the Fossil Record – Endocasts and the evolution of brain asymmetries asymmetry: found in hominin fossil endocasts and tooth wear patterns – Hyoid Bone Neandertal hyoid bone

12. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Language: Biology and Evolution (cont’d) Scenarios of Language Evolution – Throwing and language evolution handedness and throwing “piggybacking” – Language as a replacement of grooming – Symbols and Sex

13. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Evolution of Human Behavior Four Approaches Paleontological Reconstructions of Behavior Biocultural Approaches Evolutionary Psychology Human Evolutionary Ecology

14. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective Quantification in Evolutionary Ecology Research Wealth, reproductive success, and survival Physiology and ecology

15. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective (cont’d) Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor Cooperative Provisioning Model Conflict Model

16. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexual Selection and Human Behavior Risk-Taking Behavior Reproductive benefit to risky behavior Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos Incest rules Brother-sister inbreeding and the Westermarck Hypothesis