1. City-States of Greece Chapter 5 Section 2

2. “In soft regions are born soft men.” ~Herodotus The Geography of Greece

3. Greek Geography Shaped Civilization Peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea (known as the Peloponnesus) Seas  transportation, trade Land  mountainous, rugged Prevented unification Not much farmland Lacked natural resources No major rivers for irrigation Need for colonization According to Plato, Greeks lived around the sea “like frogs around a pond”

4. Greek Geography Shaped Civilization Climate  Moderate, supported outdoor lifestyle

5. Today’s Goals What are the similarities and differences among Greek city-states and their legacies?What are the similarities and differences among Greek city-states and their legacies?

6. Rise of Greek City-States (800-510 BC) Polis (city-state)Polis (city-state) –Surrounded by protective walls Agora - marketplaceAgora - marketplace Acropolis – fortified hilltopAcropolis – fortified hilltop Citizens (demos)– free adult males w/propertyCitizens (demos)– free adult males w/property –Thetes – other free men

7. Forms of Government Monarchy – rule by 1 person (king)Monarchy – rule by 1 person (king) Aristocracy – rule by small group of noble, landowning familiesAristocracy – rule by small group of noble, landowning families Oligarchy – gov’t by few powerful peopleOligarchy – gov’t by few powerful people Tyranny – gov’t by person who seizes controlTyranny – gov’t by person who seizes control Democracy – representative gov’t by the peopleDemocracy – representative gov’t by the people

8. New Kind of Army Iron became metal used for weapons & armor – affordable for everyoneIron became metal used for weapons & armor – affordable for everyone Hoplites – citizen soldiers – fought on footHoplites – citizen soldiers – fought on foot Phalanx formationPhalanx formation

9. Athens Ionians who settled in AtticaIonians who settled in Attica

10. Development of Democracy Draco – 621 BCDraco – 621 BC –Drafted harsh set of laws Solon - 594 BCSolon - 594 BC - Outlawed debt slavery - Four social classes based on wealth - Any citizen could charge against wrongdoing

11. Peisistratus – tyrant who seized power in 541 BCPeisistratus – tyrant who seized power in 541 BC Cleisthenes – 510 BC - Reforms that led to democracy in Athens

12. Athenian Democracy Divided into 10 tribes or “demes” (by residence, not wealth)Divided into 10 tribes or “demes” (by residence, not wealth) –Selected members for boule Ekklesia – general town meeting of free male AtheniansEkklesia – general town meeting of free male Athenians Boule (Council of 500)Boule (Council of 500) - Filled by lot for 1 yr. term - Legislature & executive - Power to ostracize citizens

13. Athenian Society - Educatio Athenian Society - Education Encouraged educated mind in strong bodyEncouraged educated mind in strong body Only wealthy sonsOnly wealthy sons - Prepared to be good citizens - Part of day in athletic activities - Military schooling Girls – trained to be good wives & mothersGirls – trained to be good wives & mothers

14. Athenian Military Depended on strong navy for protectionDepended on strong navy for protection

15. Sparta Descendants of Dorians – settled in LaconiaDescendants of Dorians – settled in Laconia Conquered MesseniansConquered Messenians - Helots – forced to work the land Messenian revolt is put down, leads to militarismMessenian revolt is put down, leads to militarism

16. Sparta’s Rigid Militaristic Society State made all decisionsState made all decisions Code of LycurgusCode of Lycurgus Decided if babies strong enough – if not, left in hills to dieDecided if babies strong enough – if not, left in hills to die Children taken from families at age 7 to begin training (Agoge system)Children taken from families at age 7 to begin training (Agoge system)

17. Agoge Training Boys lived in army barracks until age 30Boys lived in army barracks until age 30 - Rough training to become tough soldier Girls taught to be strong & athleticGirls taught to be strong & athletic - Give birth to tough Spartan boys - More freedom than Athenian women

18. Spartan Government Ruled by TWO kingsRuled by TWO kings - Responsible for military, politics, & religious practices - Kingship passed on hereditarily Senate = Council of Elders - Spartiates > 60 years old - Spartiates > 60 years old - Elected for life - Elected for life

19. Assembly = all men over age 30 Five ephors = overseers elected annually Social Order Lowest = helots Middle = perioikoi Highest = Spartiates

20. Spartan Philosophy – Duty, Strength, Self-denial, Self- Discipline

21. Factors that Discouraged Unification of City-States Different laws & governmentsDifferent laws & governments Different coinageDifferent coinage Different weights & measuresDifferent weights & measures Different calendarsDifferent calendars

22. Factors that Encouraged Unification of City-States Same languageSame language Participation in the Olympic GamesParticipation in the Olympic Games Common religionCommon religion Common management of templesCommon management of temples

23. The Olympic Games Only freeborn Greeks (“athlos” = contest)Only freeborn Greeks (“athlos” = contest) –Selected through elimination trials PentathlonPentathlon BoxingBoxing –Pankration Marathon gamesMarathon games 5 days5 days Victors given crown of olivesVictors given crown of olives