1. British rule The change of empire

3. How did the population change at the beginning of British rule? Canadiens population kept growing due to high birth rate, even though immigration from France stopped. (1) The birth rate was 30/1000 higher than the mortality rate. (2) Aboriginal population was stagnant (stayed the same), due mainly to famines. (3) A few Anglophones move to the territory: Acadians, Loyalists and a few British immigrants. (5)

4. How did Britain encourage people to settle in the area? Royal Proclamation: In 1763, the Royal Proclamation is a document created to officially claim British territory in North America after Britain won the war against France. It created the Province of Québec, established English laws and dealt with Aboriginal issues of land. In order to prevent conflicts between Aboriginals and colonists, The British ensured the Aboriginals had their own land for settlements. Colonists were not allowed into Indian Territory without permission. The British gov’t thought that people would want to settle if there was less worry about conflict with the Natives.

5. Governor Murray with his Council in 1764 (Artist Charles W. Simpson)

6. How did Britain encourage people to settle in the area? Instruction to Governor Murray: In 1763, the king gave instructions to James Murray to establish the Anglican Church in the colony. Anglican was the main religion in Britain (a branch of Protestantism) and this was done to encourage people to move to BNA (British North America).

7. The Quebec Act 1774

8. Who were the Loyalists? The Loyalists were people who disagreed with the independence movement that was happening in the 13 colonies. They wanted to remain loyal to Britain, so they moved to the Province of Quebec, which was under British rule. The first wave started arriving in 1775, just before the 13 colonies declared independence from Britain. The second wave of Loyalists arrived when the United States won the war of Independence in 1783. (6)

9. Concept Connections Read document 75 about the difficulties of getting British subject to immigrate to the colonies. (4) Which of the following concepts can you link to this document? Explain. Population Belonging Growth Identity Migration Pluriculturality

10. Concept Connections Examine document 76 about the population of Lower Canada from 1760-1815. Which of the following concepts can you link to this document? Explain. Population Belonging Growth Identity Migration Pluriculturality

11. Where did the Loyalists settle? In order to avoid conflicts with the 13 colonies, Loyalists were discouraged from settle near the border. In order to avoid conflicts with the Canadiens, Loyalists were forbidden to settle in the seigneurial zones. Therefore, the Loyalists settled outside these areas and in cities. Examine document 78 on page 48.

12. New Land for Loyalists The Constitutional Act of 1791 brought a new way of distributing land. The new land was outside the seigneurial zone and was divided into townships, just like in Great Britain. Colonists who got this land had to clear it and develop it into farmland. They did not pay any dues. Until 1812, about 15 000 Americans took advantage of this opportunity and settled in the region.

13. Constitutional Act of 1791

14. Eastern Townships

15. From 1760 to 1815, how was the population distributed across the colony’s territory? (9) The Francophone population occupied the seigneuries in the St. Lawrence Valley. Immigrants from the United States and Great Britain settled in cities and outside the seigneurial zone. After the arrival of the Loyalists, the Eastern Townships was developed. The extension of the settled area pushed Aboriginals further away.

16. What were the effects of natural growth and migration on the formation of the population and settlement of the territory under British rule? (10) Natural growth: Canadiens birth rate was very high, Francophone and Catholic population remained dominant. Migration: Immigration from France stopped, a few British people started immigrating as did Loyalists. This added Anglophone and Protestant people to the population. It is the start of Quebec’s pluriculturality. New lands were settled, the shape of land plots change from rectangular to square.