1. Skills Section 1.OS Maps 2.Aerial Photographs 3.Graphs This appears throughout all sections of the exam paper but particular emphasis on settlement (human environment)

2. Ordance Survey Maps 1.Scale – small and large scale 2.Legend 3.Direction 4.Grid References – 4 and 6 figure 5.Distance – Straight line and curved line 6.Height – colour layering, contour lines, spot heights and triangulation stations 7.Slope 8.Area – Rectangular and irregular 9.Sketch maps 10.Settlements 11.Cross sections

3. Scale Map scale is the relationship between a unit of length on a map and its corresponding length over the ground. 3 types of scale 1.Statement of scale – 2 cm to 1 km 2.Linear – shown on the bar at the end of the map 3.Representative Fraction – ususally written as 1:5000

4. Small Scale Maps Show large areas with little detail e.g map of the world, weather mapp Have large second numbers World map = 1: 100,000,000

5. Large Scale Maps Show small areas in greater detail e.g town plans, streets Have smaller numbers E.g. street plan = 1:1,000 Os map of a city (like exam papers) 1:50,000

6. Legend Found at the back of your map. Shows all the symbols and what they stand for.

7. Direction You have to know all directions!

8. Grid References The national grid – Ireland is divided into 25 squares or subzones and each is given a letter (a – z but no I) Each subzone is divided into 100 equal parts. Vertical lines are called eastings ‘They go east!’ Horizontal lines are called northings ‘They go north!’

9. Grid Reference LEN – Letter Easting Northing Four Figure – less detailed location. Six Figure – more exact location. Six figure – divide the box into ten horizontal lines and ten vertical lines. This will add two extra numbers.

10. Distance measuring a straight line 1.Fold a piece of paper 2.Mark the paper where it reaches the two points 3.Place the marked paper along the linear scale bar and read the distance 4.Place any remaining measurement to the left of the 0 mark to get the tenths of the kilometre for an exact distance.

11. Distance Curved line distance e.g. road, railway. 1.Piece of paper folded over. Find your starting and finishing point. 2.Line the edge of the paper with the road or rail line 3.Follow the line along with the paper. Mark the paper any time you have to move it to follow along the route 4.Find the distance by measuring it along the linear scale.

12. Height Colour layering – dark green lowest – dark brown heighest. Contour lines – show hight and shape of Land. Spot heights – black spot with a number beside it. Triangulation Stations – works the same as spot heights but are marked with a triangle

17. Settlement Linear – Black boxes along a line Clustered- Black boxes all surrounding each other Dispersed – Black boxes scattered all around Absence of Settlement – Lack of boxes

20. Aerial Photographs 1.Vertical – camera points directly down over. Can not see sides of buildings only roofs. Use compass points to find the location. 2. Oblique – Camera is pointing at an angle to the ground. Gives a side view of buildings.Can be low oblique (no horizon) or high oblique (can see horizon)

25. Drawing a sketch map Draw to half scale. Measure across and up. Divide by 2. Draw 9 boxes in a grid. Title Fill in what is required. No cartoons just shapes. Use colour Use a key Use graph paper.

26. How to use an aerial photograph Describe land use and functions Street patterns House types Traffic management Historic developments Time of year

27. Traffic Management Traffic Congestion – Junctions, schools, shopping centres, narrow streets, streets with parking, churches, traffic lights Solving – roundabouts, yellow boxes, double yellow lines, off street parking, car parks, park and ride centres, one way streets, bus lanes, bypasses, traffic lights.

28. Photos for new developments Choosing a suitable site. Greenfield site – found on the edge of town. Larger and cheaper to buy and redevelop. Usually farmland that has been rezoned. Brownfield – have some buildings on them. Found in towns. Cost more to buy and redevelop. Do not have as much space but are in profitable accessible locations.

29. Possible new developements Swimming pools Computer factory Leisure centre School Shopping centre Industrial estate Hospital Car park.

30. Graphs Use in the human elective, regional and also in your investigation. 1.Pie charts/ doughnut chart 2.Bar charts/graphs 3.Horizontal bar chart 4.Stacked bar chart 5.Trend Graph 6.Triangle Graphs 7.Scatter Plot

31. Pie Chart Must use a compass, protractor and graph paper. Draw the chart just like in maths class. Difficult and time consuming to draw. e.g. 15 stones. 360/15 = 24 degrees 2 angular = 24 x 2 = 48 degrees. 3 rounded = 24 x3 – 72 degrees

32. Bar charts Horizontally or vertically Useful when comparing two or more similar items.

33. Trend Graph: Show trends in a set of data over time.

34. Triangular Graphs Used in relation to soil, water content and mass movement.

35. Scatter Plots Show clusters of data and the relationships.

36. Drawing Graphs Title Use graph paper Draw axes with a ruler and label it Include scale Accuratley show information Marks for overall presentation – neat and tidy. Use colour wisely. Do not scribble with biro.