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Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13.

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Presentation on theme: "Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13."— Presentation transcript:

1 Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13

2 Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water
98% of water on Earth is ocean water What/where is the rest of Earth’s water? Oceans are gradually changing shape due to plate tectonics Which ocean is growing larger?

3 Composition of Ocean Water
The salinity of ocean water is 3.5% (for every 100mL of water 3.5 grams is salt) Salt = dissolved elements in water, sodium and chlorine, most abundant-but there are many other salts, among them Mg, K, S, and Ca What do Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) combine to form?

4 Ocean Water Ions

5 Composition of Ocean Water
Sources of Salt: 1. Minerals in ocean crust 2. Erosion of land minerals carried to oceans by rivers Minerals are continually added to water by above Why aren’t oceans getting saltier? Or are they? Lets talk about this. The Answer

6 Composition of Ocean Water
How salts are removed: 1. By winds 2. Sea spray = waves breaking on shore 3. Used by organism for shells and for nutrients 4. Become part of new ocean crust

7 Ocean Temperature and Pressure
Oceans surface warmed by the sun Suns rays only go so deep, which leads to a top, fairly uniform layer = surface zone Beneath surface zone is thermocline = layer in which water temp. decreases rapidly with depth Below thermocline is deep zone: temps decrease slowly

8 Ocean Temperature and Pressure
Pressure increases with depth, more water present to push down, and in all directions Pressure affects freezing temp. along with salt in the water causing deep ocean water to actually be below freezing as a liquid Effects of salt on freezing point

9 Ocean Chemistry Depth Surface zone 0.5 km Transition zone 1.0 km
Deep zone 3.0 km 3.5 km 3.8 km Average ocean depth 4.0 km

10 The Ocean Floor Measuring the Water’s Depth
Done w/an echo sounder by bouncing sound waves off the bottom and measuring how long it takes waves to come back This creates a side view or profile of the ocean floor

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13 The Ocean Floor Features of Ocean Floor:
Continental Shelf = broad flat extensions of continent submerged by water Continental Slope = steep slope that marks the end of continental shelf, extends down to ocean floor

14 The Ocean Floor Features of Ocean Floor:
Continental Rise: sand and mud washed down the continental slope forming small hill of deposits Abyssal Hills: hills on the ocean floor Abyssal Plains: flat surfaces of the ocean floor

15 The Ocean Floor Features of Ocean Floor:
Seamount: extend at least 900 meters off ocean floor, usually either exticnt or forming volcanoes Guyots: seamounts that have had their tops eroded flat

16 The Ocean Floor Features of Ocean Floor:
Mid Ocean Ridges: form where two ocean plates are splitting apart, magma erupts creating new ocean crust Trenches: form when an ocean plate sinks under a different plate

17 The Ocean Floor Continental slope Continental slope Volcanic island
Continental shelf Continental shelf Seamount Abyssal plain Mid-ocean ridge Trench

18 Ocean Zones Beach Intertidal zone Neritic zone Open-ocean zone
Surface zone High-tide line Continental shelf Low-tide line Continental slope Deep zone

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21 Seamounts and trenches
The Ocean Floor Seamounts and trenches Abyssal plains Mid-ocean ridges Ocean floor features include

22 Sea-Floor Spreading

23 Sea-Floor Spreading

24 Sea-Floor Spreading

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26 Sea-Floor Spreading Mid-ocean ridge Oceanic crust Mantle

27 Sea-Floor Spreading Mid-ocean ridge Oceanic crust Mantle Magma

28 Sea-Floor Spreading Mid-ocean ridge Sea-floor spreading Oceanic crust
Mantle Magma

29 Newly formed oceanic crust
Sea-Floor Spreading Newly formed oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Sea-floor spreading Oceanic crust Mantle Magma

30 Newly formed oceanic crust
Sea-Floor Spreading Newly formed oceanic crust Old oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Sea-floor spreading Oceanic crust Mantle Magma

31 Newly formed oceanic crust
Sea-Floor Spreading Newly formed oceanic crust Old oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Continental crust Sea-floor spreading Trench Oceanic crust Mantle Magma

32 Newly formed oceanic crust Old oceanic crust melts
Sea-Floor Spreading Newly formed oceanic crust Old oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Continental crust Sea-floor spreading Trench Oceanic crust Mantle Old oceanic crust melts Magma

33 Plate Tectonics

34 Sea-Floor Spreading Oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches
forms subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches Molten material forms erupts through

35 Sea-Floor Spreading Oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches
forms subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches Molten material forms erupts through

36 Sea-Floor Spreading Oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches
forms subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches Molten material forms erupts through

37 Sea-Floor Spreading Oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches
forms subducted through Mid-ocean ridge Deep-ocean trenches Molten material forms erupts through

38 Ocean Resources Seawater can be used as a resource for drinking and irrigation if the salt is removed = desalting One method of desalting = distillation Distillation = water is evaporated to vapor leaving the salts behind, the water then condenses and this fresh water is then collected

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