2. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u A. Introduction Practical Questions u B. The Planet Earth & Earth Systems u C. Survey of Planet Earth’s Atmosphere u D. Weather & Climate Elements u E. Probing the Atmosphere

3. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2 Announcements u Sign-up –Class list –Official registration –Course Syllabus F NOTE Change Wed. to Fri. 21 Dec. on back –Honors Students u Class Note-taker for McBurney Center

4. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3 Announcements u Sign-up –Class list –Official registration –Course Syllabus

5. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE u A. INTRODUCTION: Practical Questions – What constitutes the atmosphere? – What can we learn about the atmosphere? – Why do we want to know about it?

6. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5 Earth-rise over Moon Apollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSC

7. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6

8. 7 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u A. Introduction Practical Questions u B. The Planet Earth & Earth Systems

9. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8 B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS u Uniqueness of Planet Earth – Water Planet – The planet with life u Subsystems or Components of Planet Earth System – Lithosphere (Geosphere) – Atmosphere – Hydrosphere – Cryosphere – Biosphere (& Anthrosphere)

10. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9 B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS u Uniqueness of Planet Earth – Water Planet – The planet with life

11. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 10 Components of Planet Earth System NASA Apollo 17 (Dec 1972) ATMOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE (Geosphere) HYDROSPHERE CRYOSPHERE BIOSPHERE (& ANTHROSPHERE)

12. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 11 From Geog. 101 UW-Stevens Point  Interactions within System – Weathering – Hydrological cycle

13. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 12 C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE u Importance of Earth's atmosphere – Moderates temperature of planet; – Shields life from harsh space environment; – Provides life with water, oxygen, etc. u Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere – About 100 km (62 mi) thick; – Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi) earth radius; but....

14. VERTICAL VARIATION in ATMOSPHERIC DENSITIES [Source U.S. Std. Atmosphere, 1976]

15. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 14 100 km

16. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 15 SUNRISE FROM SPACE From STS-47 (JSC-NASA)

17. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 16 C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (con’t) u Importance of Earth's atmosphere u Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere u Comparison with other components of Earth System

18. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 17 ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH SYSTEM COMPONENTS [Source: J.Y. Wang, 1975]

19. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 18 D. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTS u What we need to Know – Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion of Atmosphere at a given time. u Observed Weather-Climate Elements From pages 7 & 8 of text: From pages 7 & 8 of text: – AIR PRESSURE – AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. & Min Temps) – ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY (Rel. Humidity & Dewpoint) – PRECIPITATION (24-hr totals) – CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT (Sky Cover) – WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION)

20. MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER u Sky/Weather LGT RAIN u Temperature 69 u Dew Point 65 u Relative Humidity 86% u Wind S9 u Pressure 1010.5 mb

21. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 20 E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE u Surface vs. Aloft – Locations – Problems – Need for standardized & synchronous observations u Surface Weather Station – Human observer, – Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges, wind instruments, etc.

22. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 21 Traditional Surface Weather Station (See Fig. 2.8, Moran (2002))

23. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 22 Automated Weather Station (ASOS) (See Fig. 2.7, Moran (2002))

24. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 23 NWS & FAA Automatic Weather Stations

25. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 24 Automated Weather Buoy

26. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 25 First Order Stations & Cooperative Observer Network (National Climate Data Center, 2001)

27. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 26 Locations of NWS Forecast Offices Fig. 2.6 Moran (2002)

28. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 27 E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u Weather Aloft: Other Observation Tools/Platforms – Need for F Rugged instruments F Remote sensing

29. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 28 Manned Balloons (18 th & 19 th Centuries)

30. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 29 Weather Kites (ca. 1894)

31. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 30 Aircraft Weather Observations (ca. 1934)

32. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 31 Radiosonde

33. 32 Inflation of a radiosonde balloon See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

34. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 33 Radiosonde prepared for launch See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

35. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 34 Radiosonde (con’t.) See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

36. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 35 Radiosonde launched See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

37. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 36 Radiosonde (con’t.)

38. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 37 Radiosonde (Moran & OLWS)

39. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 38 Computer display of sounding at NWS Office See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)

40. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 39 RADIOSONDE LOCATIONS See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002)

41. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 40 NWS Upper Air Network See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002) GCOS = Global Climate Observing System

42. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 41 Stratospheric Balloons

43. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 42 Meteorological Rockets (Rocketsondes)

44. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 43 Weather Radar See Pg. 157-160 Moran (2002)

45. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 44 Principles of Weather Radar (in reflectivity mode)

46. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 45 Weather Radar (con’t.)

47. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 46 Weather Radar (con’t.)

48. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 47 NWS Radome See Fig. 7.19 Moran (2002)

49. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 48 Radar Display Console From J.M. Moran & WES Project of AMS

50. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 49 Radar Display in Reflectivity Mode

51. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 50 Principles of Weather Radar (in velocity or Doppler mode) See Fig. 7.21, Moran (2002)

52. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 51 Radar Display in Doppler Mode Van Wert, OH tornado 10 Nov 2002 from Ft. Wayne, IN NWS Doppler Radar

53. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 52 NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES (See also Fig. 2.6, Moran (2002))

54. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 53 Current NWS Radar Reflectivity

55. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 54 Composite National Radar Image See Fig. 1.11 – Moran (2002)

56. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 55 Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)

57. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 56 See Fig. 1.6 – Moran (2002)

58. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 57 Early GOES Satellite

59. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 58 Geosynchronous Satellite Imaging Field of View

60. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 59 ATS-III in 1968

61. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 60 Recent GOES Satellite

62. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 61 GOES-11 in 2000

63. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 62 Nighttime lights from DMSP Satellites

64. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 63 Visible vs. IR Images

65. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 64 Current Visible Satellite Image See Fig. 1.8 – Moran (2002) White = Reflective Clouds Dark = Night Dark = Low reflection oceans

66. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 65 Current Infrared Satellite Image White = Cold Clouds See Fig. 1.9 – Moran (2002) Dark = Warm Surface

67. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 66 Current Water Vapor Satellite Image White = Moist, rising air & Clouds See Fig. 1.10 – Moran (2002)

68. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 67 Man Computer Data Acquisition System (McIDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison

69. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 68 See Fig. 1.7 – Moran (2002)

70. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 69

71. 70 TIROS in 1960s

72. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 71 TIROS I (1960) vs. NOAA 15 (2000)

73. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 72 Polar Orbiting (POES) Satellite NOAA-M Summer 2002 GFSC-NASA

74. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 73 Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)

75. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 74 MODIS in 2000 (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)

76. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 75 MODIS

77. 76 Wind Profiler (FSL) See Pg. 186 Moran (2002)

78. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 77 Wind Profiler Network (FSL)

79. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 78 Wind Profiler Network (FSL)

80. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 79 Current Wind Profile at Blue River, WI

81. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 80 F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER: THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP u Meaning of synoptic weather analysis – synoptic: “syn” = same + “optic” = to see u Goal of synoptic weather analysis u Requirements for synoptic weather analysis – Same time of observation – Uniform instruments & observation techniques

82. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 81 MAP of TIME ZONES ( from U.S. Naval Observatory, 1996) See pg. 14, Moran (2002)

83. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 82 F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.) u Historical perspective – First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm; – Early U.S. Weather maps in 1870’s.

84. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 83 Surface weather map Sep. 1872

85. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 84 NWS Surface weather map June 2004

86. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 85 F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.) u Interpretation of modern surface weather maps where...

87. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 86 Sample Modern Weather Map Figure 1.3, Moran (2002)

88. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 87 ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F F Pressure systems – –Isobars (“iso” + “bar”) – –Highs & Lows F F Winds – –Circulation around Highs & Lows – –The “Hand-twist Model”

89. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 88 Map View of Flow around High Pressure Fig. 1.3A, Moran (2002)

90. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 89 Air Converging Aloft See Fig. 8.20, Moran (2002) H

91. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 90 Map View of Flow around Low Pressure Fig. 1.3B, Moran (2002)

92. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 91 Air Diverging Aloft Fig. 8.21, Moran (2002) L

93. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 92 ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP   Pressure systems F F Winds F F Clouds   Mainly around lows F F Temperature Patterns – –Isotherms (“iso” + “therms”) F F Fronts – –Cold fronts, warm fronts & stationary fronts

94. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 93 Warm Front

95. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 94 Cold Front

96. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 95 Stationary Fronts

97. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 96 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars

98. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 97 Current Visible Satellite Image Reflective Clouds

99. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 98 Current Temperatures ( ° F) & Isotherms (“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)

100. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 99 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars

101. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 100 Rule of Thumb! Weather Systems move: u From West to East in midlatitudes but … u From East to West in tropics

102. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 101 Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars

103. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 102 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars

104. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 103 Tomorrow AM Forecast Map

105. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 104 Track of Hurricane Erin

106. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 105

107. 106 QUIZ!!! u Which way does the wind circulate around a high pressure center? u And around a Low? u Answers….