1. Alexander the Great Ruler of the World

2. Why “the Great”? In ten years, Alexander of Macedonia created the largest empire in the world up to that time Alexander spread Greek culture, ensuring cultural diffusion and the survival of the qualities of classical Greece

3. Alexander’s Empire

4. Alexander’s origins Born in Pella, Macedonia Tutored by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle His father, Philip, was king of Macedonia, and had conquered the Greek city states during his 27 year reign

5. Olympia Alexander’s mother Olympia Alexander’s mother Philip Alexander’s father Philip Alexander’s father

6. Alexander Rules Philip was murdered in 336 B.C. by an assassin…maybe hired by his wife, Olympia… So Alexander was only 20 when he became king of Macedonia

7. Securing his father’s empire Alexander squelched rebellions in the northern regions to the Danube River In the process of reconquering the Greek city states, his forces destroyed Thebes, massacring all, including women and children

8. From Pompeii mosaic

9. Expanding the Empire Alexander’s forces of over 40,000 crossed at the Dardanelles into Asia, where he declared that the whole of Asia would be won by the spear

10. The Gordian Knot: the legend behind the ancient knot was that the man who could untie it was destined to rule the entire world. Alexander simply slashed the knot with his sword and unraveled it. The Gordian Knot

11. Defeating Darius of Persia #1: Alexander’s forced dispatched the Persian army, losing only 110 men (legend) #2: Again Alexander was victorious, and Darius was forced to flee, abandoning is mother, wife and children to Alexander

12. Major cities in Asia Minor and along the Phoenician coast surrendered to Alexander Alexander proceeded to Egypt, where he established the city of Alexandria and was made pharaoh

13. #3: Yet again, Alexander’s forces defeated Darius, this time in Mesopotamia… Alexander was proclaimed king of Persia and Darius’s royal city and palace were burned to the ground… Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued… Persepolis

14. When Darius was found murdered by his own men, Alexander executed the assassins and gave Darius a royal funeral Ruins of Persepolis

15. Alexander’s divinity While in Egypt, Alexander had visited the temple of Amon-Ra The oracle proclaimed that Alexander was the divine son of Amon-Ra and destined to rule the world Conflicts arose with his Greek soldiers as he adopted Persian dress & demanded to be recognized as a god

16. The limits of expansion In the spring of 327 BC, Alexander and his army marched into India As he conquered regions he allowed rulers to continue to govern in his name

17. In India, Alexander’s horse was killed… 'O my son, look thee out a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee.' Philip to Alexander (Plutarch, Alexander 6.8.)Plutarch, Alexander Alexander on his favorite horse, Bucephalus He mourned his loss and named a city in his honor Bucephalus

18. Retreat At the Indus, the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go any farther The forces travelled down the Indus and began the arduous journey back to Mesopotamia His best friend, Hephaestion, died of a fever; to console himself, Alexander led a ferocious military campaign and went on a drinking binge

19. Securing a legacy Alexander made Babylonia the capital of his Empire He married one of Darius’ daughters and “encouraged” 10,000 of his soldiers to take Persian wives He died the following year at 33 before he had an heir and his kingdom was divided among 4 of his generals

21. Division of Alexander’s Empire Macedonia and Greece conquered by Rome Syria conquered by Rome Egypt lasted the longest, conquered by Rome 30 BCE (Cleopatra was Pharaoh)

22. Spread Greek culture Created major cities in all regions he conquered and modeled them after Greek cities (buildings, temples, languages) This is Hellenistic (Greek like) – a blend of Greek cultures with traditions and customs of the original land (Greek, Egypt, Persia) Many of these cities were called Alexandria

23. Hellenistic architecture

24. The mystery of Alexander’s death Alexander died of a fever at 33… but why? Plutarch reports that he was had been plagued by several bad “omens” Some others from the time claimed Alexander was poisoned during the drinking binge

25. Video about Alexander the Great

26. Now open your notebook and get ready to take some notes…. Heading is: Alexander the Great

27. Alexander the Great Where is he from? How did he gain power? How did he spread Greek culture? Macedonia, kingdom north of Greece Father, Phillip II, invaded Greece and unified them under his rule Father was assassinated Maintained control of Greece through a rebellion They tried to take advantage of his young age (Hokey Pokey); didn’t work Defeated Persia and took control of the empire Egypt surrendered and crowned him Pharaoh Largest empire ever, NEVER lost a battle Created cities in lands he conquered modeled after Greek cities (Hellenistic) Many named Alexandria

28. Hellenistic Era What is Hellenistic? Hellenistic kingdoms Time period between the death of Alexander the Great and the emergence of the Roman empire Alexander’s empire was divided up and generals put in place to rule Macedonia Greece Syria Egypt – lasted the longest Cleopatra last Pharaoh (Ptolemy) Alexandria, Egypt became center for learning Conquered by Rome 30 BCE Conquered by Rome