Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2.

Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2

Section 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules--Objectives
Living things consist of atoms of different elements Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds

The atom The is the smallest basic unit of matter atom
Atoms are teeny tiny atom

The atom There are three parts of a an atom proton neutron electron
Subatomic particle Charge Location _________ Positive Nucleus Neutral Electron Surrounding nucleus proton neutron electron

Elements An is one particular type of , and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means Gold Aluminum Helium element atom

Key Elements CHOPSN In biology, there are SIX very important elements
________ Hydrogen _________ Phosphorus Sulfur carbon CHOPSN oxygen nitrogen

How are elements different
The number of protons determines the of an element Carbon: 6 protons Oxygen: 8 protons The number of determines the property of an element Carbon: 6 electrons, 4 on OUTSIDE Oxygen: 8 electrons, 6 on OUTSIDE identity electrons

Lonely Atoms Atoms rarely are found alone in nature
They will do ANYTHING to get to electrons on the outside Steal Dump Share 8

Compounds A compound is a substance made of atoms of different bonded together Result of sharing, stealing, or dumping electrons Atoms bonded in a specific ratio elements

Carbon Compounds Carbon can form many various __________ to form bonds
Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids bonds

Ionic Bond __________________ are formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions Opposites attract! Ex: Salt aka sodium chloride (NaCl) Positive sodium (Na+) Negative chloride (Cl-) Ionic bonds

Ions Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more .
Results in a change in electrical charge Gain e becomes ________________ Lose e becomes ________________ electrons negative positive

Ions, cont. Very important to organisms energy muscle
Hydrogen ions (H+) needed to produce chemical _____________ in cells Calcium ions (Ca2+) needed for all _____________ movement in your body Chloride ions (Cl-) needed for many chemical signals in the brain energy muscle

Covalent Bond Not all atoms easily gain or lose their electrons!
Some atoms ___________ their electrons instead! _____________ Bond: forms when atoms share a pair of electrons Usually a very strong bond Atoms may have several covalent bonds to share several electrons share Covalent

Covalent Bond, cont. Molecule: two or more atoms held together by bonds Ex: carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer level, oxygen needs two Carbon shares with 2 oxygen! covalent

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

SECTION 2.1 REVIEW What distinguishes one element from another?
2. Describe the formation of an ionic compound. 3. What is the difference between and ionic bond and a covalent bond? 4. How does a molecule differ from an atom? 5. Explain why a hydrogen atom can become either an ion or a part of a molecule.

Section 2.2 Properties of Water--Objectives
Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water. Many compounds dissolve in water. Some compounds form acids or bases.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER
CELLS Organisms’ bodies, (their _____________), are made up of mostly ____________________ The water in cells gives the cell _______________ and ___________________ materials within organisms. All of the processes necessary for an organism’s life take place within the ______________________________ of the cell WATER STRUCTURE TRANSPORTS WATERY ENVIRONMENT

PROPERTIES RELATED TO HYDROGEN BONDS ______________________
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT 2. COHESION 3. ADHESION ______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________

HYDROGEN BONDS O H H POLAR UNEQUAL ELECTRONS HYDROGEN POSITIVE
Negative Charge POLAR O Water is a “______________” molecule Form when atoms in a molecule have ____________ pulls on the _____________ they share. Opposite charges of polar molecules can interact to form ____________________ bonds. An attraction between a slightly _______________ hydrogen atom and a slightly ______________ atom. (Usually _______________________________) Hydrogen bonds are part of the structures of _______________ and of ______________ UNEQUAL ELECTRONS H H Positive Charge Positive Charge HYDROGEN Shared Electrons POSITIVE NEGATIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN PROTEINS DNA

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ____________________________. Water __________________ changes in temperature because it must _____________ more ____________________ to increase in temperature. RESISTS Absorb heat energy

COHESION Cohesion: the attraction among __________________ of the same substance. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules _____________________. Cohesion produces __________________, ( “skin on water” ) MOLECULES STICK TOGETHER SURFACE TENSION

ADHESION Adhesion: the attraction among __________________ of ______________ substances. For example, water molecules stick to other things. Water in a test tube, (water is attracted to the ____________) MOLECULES DIFFERENT ? GLASS

MOLECULES DISSOLVE IN WATER
Materials such as ________________ and ____________ cannot be transported form one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or other water based fluids. ______________: Mixture of a substance that is the same throughout. ___________: Substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves another substance. ___________: Substance that dissolves in a solvent. MOLECULES DISSOLVE IN WATER SUGARS OXYGEN SOLUTION SOLVENT SOLUTE

ACIDS AND BASES BASE: Compounds that
Some compounds form ______________ or _____________ because they _______________ into _______________ when they dissolve in ___________. BASE: Compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution ACIDS BASES BREAK UP IONS WATER ACID: Compounds that release a proton a hydrogen ion(H+) – when it dissolves in water

soap Your text here More acidic More basic neutral

SECTION 2.2 REVIEW How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds?
2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water? 3. Make a chart that compares acids and bases. 4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does this difference affect their interactions? 5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that you might observe during your daily life.

How do we get to “macro” in macromolecules?
A detailed look at the process of polymerization

Polymerization Several step process polymers monomers
Building large molecules (_________) from smaller ones (__________) monomers Several step process

Step 1: Get two monomers glucose Both are _____________

Step 2: Bring them _____ together

Step 3: Add an enzyme enzyme

Step 3 enzyme Dehydration synthesis
This __________ carries out a reaction between the two monomers Dehydration synthesis ___________ ___________: Joins two molecules together by REMOVING _______ AKA: condensation reaction water

Step 4: Bye Water! H2O ________

Step 5: A Dimer! two REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ________!

Step 6: Lather, Rinse, Repeat
The enzyme can carry out numerous dehydration synthesis reactions until a macro ___________ is created EX: ______________ molecule starch Each one of these monomers is ___________ glucose

Is this reversible? You better believe it!

Reversing Polymerization
hydrolysis Process called ____________. hydro “ __________” means water “ __________” means to split or loosen lysis adding This enzyme works by _________ water to a polymer General process name: depolymerization turning polymers back into monomers

Bring in the Water! ENZYME H2O

And they are split apart!
What was previous a dimer is now two ______________ again monomers

Objectives Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

BUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS
PROTEIN P ____________________ LIPIDS R L ____________________ CARBOHYDRATES O I C ____________________ ATP T P A A ____________________ N NUCLEIC ACID E I R T ____________________ A I D B P N

Monomer & polymer Each subunit of a complete carbon- based molecule is called a ______________ A _____________ is a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together Monomers of a polymer may be the same (ex. Starches) Or different (proteins) monomer polymer

COMPOUND BUILDING BLOCK (POLYMER) (MONOMER)
PROTEIN AMINO ACID LIPID (FAT) FATTY ACID CARBOHYDRATE SUGARS NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDE

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, ______________, and oxygen Include sugars & starches Can be broken down to provide useable energy for cells Major part of plant cell structure The most basic carbs are simple sugars, _______________________ Polysaccharides are ______________ of monosaccharides hydrogen monosaccharides polymers

CARBOHYDRATES USED BY CELLS FOR __________ ___________ AND __________ ____________. SIMPLE CARBS = _______________________________ COMPLEX CARBS = _____________________________ _____________________________ ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY STORAGE ONE OR TWO SUGAR MOLECULES LONG CHAINS OF SUGAR MOLECULES Ex) Starches such as potato, pasta, bread ________________________________

Proteins Proteins are the most varied of the carbon- based molecules in organisms Have a role in movement, eyesight, digestion,etc A protein is a polymer made of monomers called amino acids _________________ are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins The body makes 12 of the 20, the other 8 come from food Amino acids

PROTEIN CELLS MAKE UP _________________.
INVOLVED IN ALL _______ ____________. BUILDING BLOCKS = _________ __________. _________________= TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT STARTS AND SPEEDS UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN CELLS. LIFE PROCESSES AMINO ACIDS ENZYME

Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol Contain chains of carbon bonded to oxygen & hydrogen Some broken down for useable energy Others are part of a cell’s structure ________________ are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-carbon bonds Unsaturated fatty acids have double carbon- carbon bonds Fatty acids

LIPIDS WATER DON’T MIX WITH ______________.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAKE UP ________ ______________. FATS AND OILS THAT _________ ___________. ORGANISMS USE FATS AND OILS WHEN THEY HAVE USED UP ___________________. _________- SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. _________- LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. CELL MEMBRANE STORE ENERGY CARBOHYDRATES FATS OILS

ATP MAJOR ___________ ___________ MOLECULE IN CELL. ENERGY CARRYING
ENERGY IN __________________ AND __________ AND _____________________ MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO ATP IN CELL TO BE USED. ENERGY CARRYING CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS

Nucleic Acids Detailed instructions to build proteins are stored in extremely long carbon-based molecules called nucleic acids ____________________ are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides Nucleic acids differ from the other carbon- based molecules The others have a large # of functions Nucleic acids have just 1 function… make proteins DNA stores info for putting amino acids together to make proteins RNA helps to build proteins Nucleic acids

NUCLEIC ACIDS HAVE ALL INFO NEEDED TO MAKE __________. PROTEIN
“_______________” OF LIFE. BUILDING BLOCKS OF _____________. TWO TYPES: ________ AND _______. PROTEIN BLUE PRINT NUCLEOTIDES DNA RNA

SECTION 2.3 REVIEW What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer? 2. Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that make up the polymers. 3. How are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different? 4. Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things?

2.4 Chemical Reactions

Objectives Bonds break and form during chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.

Chemical Reactions Chemical Reaction... Gummy bear torture

Chemical Reactions Bonds & during chemical reactions
Plant/Animal cells break down sugars to get usable energy Cells build protein molecules by bonding amino acids together Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds break form

Chemical Reactions are the substance changed during a chemical reactions Oxygen (O2) & Glucose (C6H12O6) are the substances made by a chemical reaction Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Water (H2O) 6O2 + C6H12O CO2 + 6H2O Reactants Products Reactants Products

It’s all about the energy
Energy is __________ to break bonds in molecules is the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms. Every atom has different bond energy A SPECIFIC amount of energy is needed to break bonds in an oxygen molecule A SPECIFIC amount of energy is needed to break bonds in a glucose molecule Energy is ___________ when bonds are formed The amount of energy released is equal to the energy that breaks the same bond Energy needed to break apart water molecule = energy released when hydrogen & oxygen atoms bond to form a water molecule needed Bond energy released

Chemical equilibrium Many reactions are _________________!
The move in both directions at the same time! However many RXNs go from reactants to products until the reactants are all used up Tend to go in one direction depending on the concentrations of the reactants and products They try to balance each other! When a RXN takes equal rate in both directions, the reactant & product concentrations stay the same This is called _________________ Equilibrium is reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate reversible equilibrium

Chemical Reactions All chemical reactions involve changes in
Energy added to the reactants breaks their chemical bonds When new bonds form in the products, energy is released Energy is both and during a chemical reaction! Some release more energy than they absorb (Generous) Some absorb more energy than they release (Greedy) energy absorbed released

Chemical Reactions, cont.
Generous chemical RXNs that release more energy than they absorb = reaction Excess energy is the difference in bond energy between the reactants and products Excess energy is often released as heat or light Cellular respiration releases usable energy for your cells & heat! Exothermic

Chemical Reactions, cont.
Greedy chemical RXNs that absorb more energy than they release = reaction In photosynthesis, plants absorb energy from sunlight and use that to make sugars and carbohydrates Endothermic

But how does a rxn start? Some energy must first be absorbed by the reactants in ANY chemical reaction The amount of energy needed will vary is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start Push a rock up a hill Activation energy

SECTION 2.4 REVIEW Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) breaks down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). Explain why this is a chemical reaction. What are the reactants and the products in the reaction? 2. How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ? What must be true about the bond energies of the reactants and the products of the exothermic process below. Explain. 6O2 + C6H12O CO2 + 6H2O 4. Why might it not always be possible to determine the reactants and the products in a reaction? Explain your answer in terms of chemical equilibrium.

2.5 Enzymes

Objectives A catalyst lowers activation energy.
Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions.

catalyst To start a chemical RXN, activation energy is necessary
The reaction may happen very slowly Reactants may not interact enough, may not be high enough concentration Activation energy & rate of a chemical reaction can be changed by a chemical catalyst A catalyst is a substance that _______________ the activation energy needed to start a reaction Also increases the ________ of the reaction decreases rate

Enzyme _____________ are catalysts for reactions in living things
Lower the activation energy Increase the rate of the reaction Do not effect chemical equilibrium Does not change the direction of the reaction Almost all enzymes are Depend on their structure to function correctly Conditions such as temperature and pH can affect the function Enzymes proteins

Substrates An enzyme’s structure is vital because their shape allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called substrates Substrates bind to enzymes at specific places called Substrates exactly fit the active sites of enzymes, like a key exactly fits a lock This is why if an enzyme’s structure changes, it may not work active sites

SECTION 2.5 REVIEW How does a catalyst affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction? 2. Describe how the interaction between an enzyme and its substrates changes a chemical reaction. 3. Some organisms live in very hot or very cold acidic environments. Would their enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why or why not? 4. Suppose that the amino acids that make up an enzyme’s active site are changed. How might this change affect the enzyme?

Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2.

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Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2.

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