1. Stress and Disease Dr. Donald B. Giddon Harvard University, Fall 2013 Types of Stressors Question I - What factors are stressful for a given individual ? 1

2. Types of Stressors Physical Biological Chemical Psychosocial 2

3. What makes an event or stressor stressful? Differences between animals and humans – Sapolsky – Executive monkey 3

4. - - Radiation - Physical Impact - Trauma - Crowding Population density Physical Stressors 4

5. Biological Stressors Predators Micro-organisms Food supply Sleep deprivation Substance withdrawal Allergens 5

6. Chemical Stressors Toxins Water Airborne Chemical weapons Environmental pollutants 6

7. Biological Stressors – Food Each year, about 76 million people in the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 of them die. According to the C.S.P.I.*, the riskiest foods are: 1. Leafy greens 2. Eggs 3. Tuna *Center for Science in the Public Interest http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/06/top-10-food-poisoning-risks/ 7

8. CROWDING 8

9. CROWDING 9

10. CROWDING (at the wrong time in the wrong place in the wrong job) 10

11. Species Differences for Crowding as a Stressor 11

12. It is sometimes difficult to separate space as a physical stressor from space as a psychosocial stressor 12

13. Interpersonal Impact - Personal Space, cf. with Crowding as a Physical Stressor 13 Hall, E.T. The Hidden Dimension. Anchor, 1990

14. Psychosocial Stressors Source: Family and significant others o Care givers o Siblings o Generational o Birth order Friends Roommates Colleagues 14

15. 15 Occupation o Training o Responsibilities o Job satisfaction o Interpersonal relations o Role stress and personality o Unemployment o Retirement o Predictability o Lack of control Psychosocial Stressors (cont’d)

16. Role Stress - Overload - Conflict - Ambiguity Role vs. Status Situational o Religious affiliation o Gender differences o Restriction of personal space o Bereavement o Other situational stressors : – Public speaking - Daily hassles - Exams - Gender inequities – Sensory – Surprise/ Startle- Overload- Deprivation Perception as an intervening variable 16

17. 17

18. Links Between Work and Adult Health From: Clougherty et al., 2010, Fig. 3 18