1. SOCIAL THEORY

2. CURRENT SOCIAL THEORY LEONARD PEARLIN – THE STRESS PROCESS
DIFFERENCES WITH SRRS

4. STRESS PROCESS 1. EVENTS NOT ISOLATED BUT EMBEDDED IN SOCIAL POSITIONS
2. EVENTS NOT ISOLATED BUT INTERCONNECTED
3. MORE DIVERSE CATEGORIES OF EVENTS
4. IMPORTANCE OF MEDIATORS

5. THREE ELEMENTS OF STRESS PROCESS
STRESSORS
MEDIATORS
OUTCOME

6. 1. STRESSORS (CAUSES)
1. EMPHASIZES POSITION IN SOCIAL STRUCTURES - SOCIAL CLASS, ETHNIC, GENDER
2. EMPHASIZES SOCIAL ROLES - OVERLOAD, CONFLICT, CAPTIVITY
3. CONNECTION OF STRESSORS - STRESS PROLIFERATION (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY)

7. TYPES OF STRESSORS 1. SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
LOSS OF ATTACHMENTS - DEATH, DIVORCE, ROMANTIC BREAKUPS
2. SUBORDINATE SOCIAL STATUS
WORK ROLES, GENDER ROLES, LOW SOCIAL CLASS
3. FAILURE TO ACHIEVE SOCIAL GOALS
REJECTION, FAILURE TO ACHIEVE

8. NEW CATEGORIES OF STRESSORS
1. CHRONIC STRESSORS
2. TRAUMAS
3. DAILY HASSLES
4. DISASTERS (9/11)
10% PTSD OR MAJOR DEPRESSION FIVE WEEKS AFTER ATTACK
20% BELOW CANAL ST. WITH PTSD AND 17% WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION

9. DIMENSIONS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS
UNEXPECTABLE VS. EXPECTABLE
PREEXISTING CONTEXT OF EVENT
POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE PRE-EVENT CONTEXT
NEGATIVE POST-EVENT CONTEXT
SECONDARY STRESSORS

10. MEDIATORS

11. THREE ELEMENTS OF STRESS PROCESS
STRESSORS
MEDIATORS
OUTCOME

12. MEDIATORS WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH MANY STRESSORS HAVE LOW DISTRESS
WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH FEW STRESSORS HAVE HIGH DISTRESS
MAKE PEOPLE MORE OR LESS VULNERABLE TO THE STRESSORS THEY FACE

13. MEDIATORS (TURNER) SOCIAL RESOURCES
1. SUPPORT - SENSE OF BEING CARED FOR, BELONGING, WANTED
ONE INTIMATE
STRONG FAMILY TIES, RELIGION
2. MATERIAL SUPPORT

14. SOCIAL COMPARISON STRESSFULNESS DEPENDS ON REFERENCE GROUP INCOME
QUADRIPLEGICS
DOWNWARD COMPARISONS BETTER THAN UPWARD COMPARISONS

15. CONTROL
ACTIVE COPING BETTER THAN PASSIVE COPING (MASTERY VS. FATALISM)
STUDY OF PEOPLE WITH ADULTEROUS SPOUSES
BEST COPERS WERE THOSE WHO INITIATED DIVORCE OF ADULTEROUS SPOUSE

16. 3. OUTCOMES
BOTH EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS AND COPING RESPONSES PREDICT HOW MUCH DISTRESS PEOPLE HAVE
STANDARDIZED INSTRUMENTS LIKE CES-D
GENERAL
CONTINUOUS

17. TREATMENT ONLY THEORY WITH NO DIRECT TREATMENT ASPECT
CHANGE ENVIRONMENT - “FRESH STARTS”
MUCH DISTRESS SELF-LIMITING (9-11)
IMPORTANCE OF INFORMAL SUPPORT

18. CRITICISMS OF SOCIAL
IGNORES HOW MENTAL SYMPTOMS ARE DEEPLY ROOTED IN INDIVIDUALS NOT SITUATIONS
NOT GOOD FOR EXPLAINING MOST SERIOUS TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
UNSPECIFIC TREATMENT COMPONENT

19. STRENGTHS
BETTER AT EXPLAINING DISTRESS THAN PARTICULAR MENTAL ILLNESSES
BETTER AT LOOKING AT GROUP, RATHER THAN AT INDIVIDUAL, DIFFERENCES
EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL AND CURRENT CAUSES OF DISTRESS