1. The New Alliance on Food Security and Nutrition: What Are the Implications for Africa’s Youth? Cyriaque Hakizimana Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) University of the Western Cape Cape Town South Africa

2. Africa – A youthful continent Projections to 2100 of youth (millions) Projections to 2050 of rural youth (millions)

3. Type of crops matters for agricultural employment

4. Off-farm permanent jobs created in the sample by the age categories

5. Off-farm Casual/temporary jobs created in the sample by the age categories

6. Off-farm permanent jobs created in the sample by gender and age categories

7. Size of the Household’s land under the crop sold on contract Size of the household’s land used to grow the crop sold on contract Magobbo smallholder sugar outgrower scheme (%) N=26 Blue Skies (%) N=21French beans (%) N=40 All57.6914.290.00 More than three quarters (¾)26.9223.817.50 More than half but less than three quarters (¾)3.8528.5712.50 Half0.0014.2912.50 More than a quarter but less than half7.699.5215.00 Some but less than a quarter3.854.7652.50 Don’t know0.004.760.00 Other (specify)0.00 Total100

8. The average income from the crops sold to the contracting companies Outgrower schemesMean ($) Magobbo smallholder sugar outgrower scheme3210.25 Blue Skies outgrower scheme1514.62 French beans outgrower scheme172.08

9. Conclusion Agricultural investments create fewer jobs than they promise Contract arrangements, particularly in biofuel production, may lock permanently the younger generation out of agrarian production in the long term given the nature and structure of the contracts that disrupt the intergenerational asset transfers and turn the younger generation into a rural proletarian class Developing young people as independent farmers and producers, capable to establish the land-based livelihood at their own and on their own terms, seems to be the most desirable option to ensure the rural futures of rural young people in Africa. The implementation of the New Alliance on Food Security and Nutrition needs to avoid large-scale land-based investments and rather facilitate the land-based livelihoods more specifically for rural youth.