1. Urbanization: The Rise of Cities

2. Definition of Urbanization
The building of cities and the movement of people from the country to the city.
Urbanization was a defining feature of the Industrial Revolution.

3. Big Takeaways on Urbanization
People were forced to live closer together in the cities.
Conditions in the city were often unsanitary and unhealthy.
Factory conditions resulted in class differences.

4. Urbanization in Numbers
England and Wales
Living in Cities Greater than 10,000
1801
21%
1891
62%
Living in Cities Greater than 100,000
10%
33%
France
Living in Cities Greater than 10,000
1801
10%
1891
26%
Living in Cities Greater than 100,000 3%
12%

5. Living Space, Ctd.

6. Living Space, Ctd.

7. Question:
Why do you think we have laws about health and pollution today? What are some laws on the books today that protect citizens in regards to health and pollution?

8. City Conditions
In addition to cramped living space, there were other social problems that came with urbanization:
There was a large gap between the rich and poor.
Sanitation and illness became major problems.

9. Factory Towns

10. “A Court for King Cholera”

11. Class Differences
Major differences in the social classes. Differences made bigger by the changes in new economic and political ideas (we’ll talk more about this later!).
Workers joined together in unions, voluntary labor associations. They would band together to bargain with factory owners, and strike if their demands were not met.

12. “Cheap Clothing”

13. “Effects of a Strike: Upon the Capitalist and Upon the Working Man”

14. Unionization Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800: Outlawed unions.
1824: repeal of Combination Acts.
1875: British trade unions win right to strike and picket peacefully.
1886: in US, several unions joined together to form what would become American Federation of Labor (AFL).

15. Urbanization Today
What are some results of urbanization in today’s society? What are some effects?