1. Honors Biology WATER AND pH Notes WATER AND pH Notes

2. August 22 nd, 2014 Pick up: Water and pH Notes Pick up: Water and pH Notes Immediately Take out a grading pen and put your 3.4 and 3.5 summaries on your desk Immediately Take out a grading pen and put your 3.4 and 3.5 summaries on your desk Warm up: Watch the short video and on your warm up sheet, please list all the properties of water that show up! Warm up: Watch the short video and on your warm up sheet, please list all the properties of water that show up! Agenda: Exam Check, Start Water notes, Water Activity? Agenda: Exam Check, Start Water notes, Water Activity?

3. Characteristics of Water http://www.allaboutwater.org/water- facts.html Cool water facts. http://www.allaboutwater.org/water- facts.html Cool water facts. http://www.allaboutwater.org/water- facts.html http://www.allaboutwater.org/water- facts.html A single water molecule is held together by polar covalent bonds, BUT, if you want to attach a bunch of water molecules together, (Which is normally what we think of when we hear the word water), we need Hydrogen Bonds. A single water molecule is held together by polar covalent bonds, BUT, if you want to attach a bunch of water molecules together, (Which is normally what we think of when we hear the word water), we need Hydrogen Bonds.

4. Molecule Image Dotted lines are the Hydrogen Bonds

5. Key Properties of Water (table 3.2) A) Heat storage A) Heat storage B) Ice Formation B) Ice Formation C) High Heat of Vaporization C) High Heat of Vaporization D) Cohesion/adhesion D) Cohesion/adhesion E) Hydrophobic/hydrophilic E) Hydrophobic/hydrophilic

6. A)Heat Storage When talking about temperature, we are really talking about how fast molecules are moving. IF they move fast, the temperature is high, if they move slowly, the temperature is low. When talking about temperature, we are really talking about how fast molecules are moving. IF they move fast, the temperature is high, if they move slowly, the temperature is low. Large input of thermal energy is required to disrupt the organization of liquid water Large input of thermal energy is required to disrupt the organization of liquid water This minimizes temperature changes This minimizes temperature changes Water heats up and cools down VERY slowly because you first need to break the hydrogen bonds. Water heats up and cools down VERY slowly because you first need to break the hydrogen bonds.

7. Biological importance of heat storage Your body doesn’t immediately boil when you step outside in July. Your body doesn’t immediately boil when you step outside in July. You can swim in your swimming pools in October and not freeze, but you can’t jump in your pool during June before the pool heats up enough. You can swim in your swimming pools in October and not freeze, but you can’t jump in your pool during June before the pool heats up enough. What other things can you think of? What other things can you think of?

8. B) Ice Formation Low temperature means the H-Bonds are pretty stable, but they may take on a cool property. They arrange themselves in a way that makes ice LESS dense as a solid. Most other liquids react the opposite when they get colder. Low temperature means the H-Bonds are pretty stable, but they may take on a cool property. They arrange themselves in a way that makes ice LESS dense as a solid. Most other liquids react the opposite when they get colder.

9. Biological Importance of Ice Formation Ice floats! Ice floats! Oceans/bodies of water freeze from the top down. Creates a nice insulated layer so that life can still exist in the ocean. Oceans/bodies of water freeze from the top down. Creates a nice insulated layer so that life can still exist in the ocean. Any other reasons you can think of? Any other reasons you can think of?

11. C) High heat of vaporization To Vaporize means to turn into a gas. What does it take for liquid water to do this? To Vaporize means to turn into a gas. What does it take for liquid water to do this? Move fast enough so that the H-bonds can break. When the H-Bond is broken, it carries with it a great deal of heat! Move fast enough so that the H-bonds can break. When the H-Bond is broken, it carries with it a great deal of heat!

12. Biological importance ….. Sweating cools you off! When you sweat, the fast moving water is literally leaving your body… the molecules left behind are moving slowly so you feel cooler.

13. D) Cohesion/Adhesion Because of the H-Bonds, water can stick to other water molecules and to other objects. (Examples: Capillary Action and Surface Tension) Because of the H-Bonds, water can stick to other water molecules and to other objects. (Examples: Capillary Action and Surface Tension)

14. Biological Importance of Cohesion/Adhesion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4 pURpXkbY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4 pURpXkbY Towels can actually dry you off when you get out of the shower. Towels can actually dry you off when you get out of the shower. Straws work Straws work Any other ideas? Any other ideas?

15. Surface tension Molecules inside a water droplet are attracted in all directions. Drops on the surface are attracted to the sides and inward.

16. E) Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic The term Hydrophobic means “water fearing”. The term Hydrophobic means “water fearing”. The term Hydrophilic means “water loving”. The term Hydrophilic means “water loving”. The terms really mean the ability or inability to DISSOLVE in water. Like dissolves like. The terms really mean the ability or inability to DISSOLVE in water. Like dissolves like. Since water is polar, any polar molecule can dissolve in water. Since water is polar, any polar molecule can dissolve in water.

17. Biologic Importance Most of our blood is made up of water, so nutrients can be dissolved in our blood and transported through out the body without needing to be big and clunky and blocking up the veins and arteries. Most of our blood is made up of water, so nutrients can be dissolved in our blood and transported through out the body without needing to be big and clunky and blocking up the veins and arteries. Our skin must be hydrophobic since we don’t dissolve when it rains. Our skin must be hydrophobic since we don’t dissolve when it rains.

18. Structure of Water video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiZJ OTt3Dl0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiZJ OTt3Dl0&feature=related

19. pH Reminder: Water is held together by ___________________ bonds. Reminder: Water is held together by ___________________ bonds. These are relatively __________ bonds. These are relatively __________ bonds. These bonds are constantly _________ and _____________. These bonds are constantly _________ and _____________. When water breaks apart, there is a way to represent this using chemical equations. (Dissociation of water) When water breaks apart, there is a way to represent this using chemical equations. (Dissociation of water)

20. Dissociation of water IF you measure how much is H+ you would find the concentration to be 1/10,000,000. Use exponents 10 to the negative 7 [ ] brackets mean “concentration” so [H+] is translated to concentration of Hydrogen

21. How many of one number do we multiply to get another number? What is a logarithm?

22. Example of a logarithm Example: How many 2s do we multiply to get 8? Example: How many 2s do we multiply to get 8? Answer: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8, so we needed to multiply 3 of the 2s to get 8 Answer: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8, so we needed to multiply 3 of the 2s to get 8 So the logarithm is 3 So the logarithm is 3

23. What are we trying to determine by using the pH scale? We want to know how much of a solution is made out of Hyrdogen Ions. (By number and by weight.) We want to know how much of a solution is made out of Hyrdogen Ions. (By number and by weight.) In a liter of pure water, 1 in 550 million water molecules is ionized at any point in time. Why not more? In a liter of pure water, 1 in 550 million water molecules is ionized at any point in time. Why not more? 1/10,000,000 of the weight (Molar mass) 1/10,000,000 of the weight (Molar mass) What does ionization mean? What does ionization mean?

24. IONization Ionization= When one of the hydrogen molecules in a water molecule is “ripped’ away from the water molecule, two Ions are formed. H+ (Hydrogen Ions) and OH- (Hydroxide molecule) Ionization= When one of the hydrogen molecules in a water molecule is “ripped’ away from the water molecule, two Ions are formed. H+ (Hydrogen Ions) and OH- (Hydroxide molecule) Why does this happen? Spontaneous Ion formation. (Covalent bonds in water sometimes break spontaneously) Why does this happen? Spontaneous Ion formation. (Covalent bonds in water sometimes break spontaneously)

25. [H+] and pH values are opposite! A) if pH is low, what about the [H+] ? A) if pH is low, what about the [H+] ? B) if the pH is high, what about the [H+]? B) if the pH is high, what about the [H+]?

26. Acids vs Bases Acids: Anything that dissolves in water and adds H+. OH NO! IMBALANCE! Acids: Anything that dissolves in water and adds H+. OH NO! IMBALANCE! Bases: Anything that dissolves in water and combines with H+. Not necessarily bad, but now there is an imbalance with the OH- ion. Bases: Anything that dissolves in water and combines with H+. Not necessarily bad, but now there is an imbalance with the OH- ion. THEY NEED TO STAY BALANCED! THEY NEED TO STAY BALANCED!

27. BUFFERS What would a buffer do if pH falls? What would a buffer do if pH falls? What would a buffer do if pH rises? What would a buffer do if pH rises?