1. ORIGINS OF THE WAR Japanese aggression Manchuria Mongolia China When? 1931-40 Why? Natural Resources Oil Rubber Tin Metals

2. AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR When? When? 1941 1941 Why? Why? Pearl Harbor Attack Pearl Harbor Attack December 7, 1941 December 7, 1941 Japan declares war on U.S. Japan declares war on U.S. Tripartite Pact members follow Tripartite Pact members follow Japanese Motivations: Japanese Motivations: Eliminate threat posed by U.S. Pacific Fleet Eliminate threat posed by U.S. Pacific Fleet Open up Western Pacific / East Asia for exploitation Open up Western Pacific / East Asia for exploitation Japanese Government dominated by Tojo & Army Japanese Government dominated by Tojo & Army Japan Strikes – Where? Japan Strikes – Where? Hawaii – Pearl Harbor (US) Hawaii – Pearl Harbor (US) Philippines (US) Philippines (US) French Indochina (Fr.) French Indochina (Fr.) Southeast Asia (UK) Southeast Asia (UK) Indonesia (Holland) Indonesia (Holland)

3. JAPANESE “ZERO”, 1941-42 PRIMARY FIGHTER PLANE OF JAPANESE NAVY & ARMY

5. THE PACIFIC CAMPAIGN Who leads the way? Who leads the way? U.S. Navy: Adm. Chester W. Nimitz* U.S. Navy: Adm. Chester W. Nimitz* U.S. Army: Gen. Douglas MacArthur U.S. Army: Gen. Douglas MacArthur *USMC forces under his command *USMC forces under his command Strategy: Strategy: 2-Pronged Strategey: 2-Pronged Strategey: -Strangle Japanese shipping -Strangle Japanese shipping -Isolate & Eliminate Japanese – held islands -Isolate & Eliminate Japanese – held islands Additional 3 rd Element: Additional 3 rd Element: -Bombing campaign against Japanese mainland -Bombing campaign against Japanese mainland Where? Where? Central Pacific: USN / USMC Central Pacific: USN / USMC South Pacific: USA, USAAF, USN / USMC South Pacific: USA, USAAF, USN / USMC Allied Forces: Australia Allied Forces: Australia

6. The Major Battles May, 1942: Coral Sea - Tie May, 1942: Coral Sea - Tie June, 1942: Midway – Turning Point in War June, 1942: Midway – Turning Point in War Jul.’42 – Aug.’43: New Guinea Jul.’42 – Aug.’43: New Guinea Aug.’42 – Feb.’43: Guadalcanal Aug.’42 – Feb.’43: Guadalcanal Nov.’43: Tarawa Nov.’43: Tarawa June, 1944: Saipan June, 1944: Saipan Oct.’44 - Feb.’45: Philippines Invasion Oct.’44 - Feb.’45: Philippines Invasion Feb.’45: Iwo Jima Feb.’45: Iwo Jima April, 1945: Okinawa April, 1945: Okinawa

7. MIDWAY When? June 4-5, 1942 When? June 4-5, 1942 Where? Central Pacific – Midway Island Where? Central Pacific – Midway Island Who? Who? Japanese Fleet (Admiral Nagumo): 4 Carriers Japanese Fleet (Admiral Nagumo): 4 Carriers U.S. Fleet (Admiral Nimitz): 3 Carriers U.S. Fleet (Admiral Nimitz): 3 Carriers Results: Results: Devastating defeat for Japan – All 4 carriers sunk Devastating defeat for Japan – All 4 carriers sunk U.S. loses 1 carrier U.S. loses 1 carrier Turning point in the Pacific war Turning point in the Pacific war Japan now on defensive until end of war Japan now on defensive until end of war

8. U.S.S. YORKTOWN, CV-5

9. DAUNTLESS DIVE BOMBER U.S. NAVY, 1942 DAUNTLESS DIVE BOMBER U.S. NAVY, 1942 PRIMARY DIVE BOMBER OF U.S. NAVY & USMC IN PACIFIC THEATRE PRIMARY DIVE BOMBER OF U.S. NAVY & USMC IN PACIFIC THEATRE

10. DESTRUCTION OF JAPANESE FLEET, BATTLE OF MIDWAY

12. The End of the War Japan Loses Ground: Why? U.S. submarine campaign Massive U.S. bombing campaign Heavy battlefield casualties Desperate measures: “Kamikaze” (Define) campaign “No surrender” on battlefield Homeland defense training U.S. Closes in: How will the war End?

13. The Atomic Bomb When? When? 1942 -1945 1942 -1945 Where? Where? Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge, Tennessee Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos, New Mexico Codename: The Manhattan Project Codename: The Manhattan Project Who? Who? Gen. Leslie Groves Gen. Leslie Groves J. Robert Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer The First Test: The First Test: July 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Success Success

14. THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

15. TRINITY TEST SITE TOWER

16. TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945

17. DETONATION SEQUENCE

18. 10 SEC. AFTER DETONATION

19. DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE

20. To Bomb Or Not To Bomb Why drop the bomb? Prevent an invasion of Japan Prevent the risk of massive casualties End the war more quickly Why Not? Is it ethical? Do we really need to? Do we understand the long-term effects? What do YOU think?

21. THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS When? When? August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 9, 1945: Nagasaki August 9, 1945: Nagasaki Effect? Describe: Effect? Describe: Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders World War II Ends World War II Ends

22. TIBBETS & SWEENY

23. Major Major Charles Sweeny, U.S. Army A.F., Lead Pilot, Nagasaki Mission

24. NAGASAKI BOMBER B-29 SUPERFORTRESS “BOCKS CAR”

25. AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI BEFORE BOMBING

26. AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AFTER BOMBING

27. NAGASAKI BOMBING AUGUST 9, 1945

28. “LITTLE MAN” ATOMIC BOMB

29. “FAT BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

30. TYPES OF ATOM BOMBS Hiroshima Hiroshima “Gun” Bomb “Gun” Bomb Nagasaki Nagasaki “Implosion” Bomb “Implosion” Bomb

31. ATOMIC BOMB FIGURES WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS

32. HIROSHIMA – AFTER BOMBING

33. HIROSHIMA HIROSHIMA “SHADOW” “SHADOW”

34. NAGASAKI AFTERMATH

36. NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945 NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945

38. JAPANESE URBAN TARGETS

39. NAGASAKI BLAST RADIUS

40. NAGASAKI BOMB CASUALTIES DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800

41. ATOMIC BOMB CASUALTIES

42. BOMBING EFFECTS ON JAPAN

44. 20-KILOTON BLAST ESTIMATE