1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART D Cells and Tissues

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue  Found everywhere in the body  Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues  Functions  Binds body tissues together  Supports the body  Provides protection

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Major Types of Connective Tissue Figure 4-7

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have poor blood supply or are avascular  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material that surrounds living cells

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Matrix  Two main elements  Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules  Fibers  Produced by the cells  Three types  Collagen fibers  Elastic fibers  Reticular fibers

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper Figure 4-8

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Bone (osseous tissue)  Composed of:  Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)  Hard matrix of calcium salts  Large numbers of collagen fibers  Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.19a

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Bone Figure 4-11

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Hyaline cartilage  Most common cartilage  Composed of:  Abundant collagen fibers  Rubbery matrix  Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.19b

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Hyaline Cartilage Figure 4-10(a)

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Elastic cartilage  Provides elasticity  Example: supports the external ear

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Elastic Cartilage Figure 4-10(b)

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Fibrocartilage  Highly compressible  Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae Figure 3.19c

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Fibrocartilage Figure 4-10(c)

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Dense connective tissue  Main matrix element is collagen fibers  Cells are fibroblasts  Examples  Tendon – attach muscle to bone  Ligaments – attach bone to bone Figure 3.19d

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4-9(c)

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Areolar connective tissue  Most widely distributed connective tissue  Soft, pliable tissue  Contains all fiber types  Can soak up excess fluid Figure 3.19e

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Loose Connective Tissue Figure 4-9(a)

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19f Connective Tissue Types  Adipose tissue  Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate  Many cells contain large lipid deposits  Functions  Insulates the body  Protects some organs  Serves as a site of fuel storage

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues  Adipose Tissue Figure 4-9(b)

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Reticular connective tissue  Delicate network of interwoven fibers  Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs  Lymph nodes  Spleen  Bone marrow Figure 3.19g

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Blood  Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix  Fibers are visible during clotting  Functions as the transport vehicle for materials Figure 3.19h

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue  Function is to produce movement  Three types  Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Skeletal muscle  Can be controlled voluntarily  Cells attach to connective tissue  Cells are striated  Cells have more than one nucleus Figure 3.20a

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue  Skeletal Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(a)

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Cardiac muscle  Found only in the heart  Function is to pump blood (involuntary)  Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks  Cells are striated  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.20b

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue  Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(b)

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Smooth muscle  Involuntary muscle  Surrounds hollow organs  Attached to other smooth muscle cells  No visible striations  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.20c

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue  Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(c)

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue  Neurons and nerve support cells  Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body  Irritability  Conductivity Figure 3.21

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neural Tissue  Neural Tissue Figure 4-14

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)  Determination of method  Type of tissue damaged  Severity of the injury

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable  Introduce clotting proteins  Wall off injured area  Formation of granulation tissue  Regeneration of surface epithelium

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regeneration of Tissues  Tissues that regenerate easily  Epithelial tissue  Fibrous connective tissue and bone  Tissues that regenerate poorly  Skeletal muscle  Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue  Cardiac muscle  Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of Tissue  Developmental Aspects  Neoplasm – “new growth”, when cells fail to honor normal controls on cell division and multiply wildly.  Hyperplasia – certain organs or tissues may enlarge because of a stimulant or irritant.  Atrophy – a decrease in size in tissues that lose their normal stimulation.