1. 1 The definition and purpose of instructions The purpose of instructions is to tell/inform in sequential order the steps which need to be taken to do or make something.

2. 2 The structure of instructions often includes (some of) the following: a clear/bold heading or a statement of what is to be achieved (the goal); a list of materials/equipment; a set of sequenced points laid out as numbered or bullet pointed steps; an illustration/diagram (optional).

3. 3 How to Make Stained Glass Figures 1First take a piece of cardboard and one piece of chalk. 2Then draw something on the cardboard. 3Next cut it out where you want light to go through 4Then use a texta to trace around the thing you drew. 5Stick different coloured cellophane paper over the areas that have a hole. 6When you have finished this, stick it on the window. GOAL MATERIALS & STEPS

4. 4 Language features of instructions connectors to show chronological order and cause and effect;connectors use of the personal pronoun you in more formal instructions;personal pronoun quantifiers to aid clarity and precision. imperative form

5. 5 How to Make Stained Glass Figures 1First take a piece of cardboard and one piece of chalk. 2Then draw something on the cardboard. 3Next cut it out where you want light to go through 4Then use a text to trace around the thing you drew. 5Stick different coloured cellophane paper over the areas that have a hole. 6When you have finished this, stick it on the window. GOAL sequencing connectors MATERIALS & STEPS

6. 6 How to Make Stained Glass Figures 1First take a piece of cardboard and one piece of chalk. 2Then draw something on the cardboard. 3Next cut it out where you want light to go through 4Then use a text to trace around the thing you drew. 5Stick different coloured cellophane paper over the areas that have a hole. 6When you have finished this, stick it on the window. GOAL impersonal “you” MATERIALS & STEPS

7. 7 How to Make Stained Glass Figures 1First take a piece of cardboard and one piece of chalk. 2Then draw something on the cardboard. 3Next cut it out where you want light to go through 4Then use a text to trace around the thing you drew. 5Stick different coloured cellophane paper over the areas that have a hole. 6When you have finished this, stick it on the window. GOAL imperatives MATERIALS & STEPS

8. 8 Explanations An explanation is given to account for how things are. In other words, the purpose of an explanation is to explain how and why something –is made, In the school curriculum, explanations are often found in Science and Social Studies or –works in a particular way.

9. 9 The structure of explanations often includes the following: a general statement to introduce the topic; a series of logical steps to explain the stages of a process;

10. 10 a thing or state of being a thing or state of being a thing or state of being goes through a process to become and goes through a process to become This sequence continues until a final thing or state is produced This sequence continues until a final thing or state is produced

11. 11 Floods After flash floods, desert streams from upland areas carry heavy loads of silt, sand and rock fragments. As they reach the flatter area of the desert basins they slow down and their waters soak quickly into the basin floor. Then the streams drop their loads; first they drop the heaviest material – the stones, then they drop the sand and finally they drop the silt. Soon these short-lived streams become choked by their own deposits and they spread their load in all directions. After some time, fan or cone-shaped deposits of gravel, sand, silt and clay are formed around each valley or canyon outlet. These are called alluvial fans. general statement Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

12. 12 An explanation may also include a diagrammatic layout of paragraphs to support the organisation of points. In other words, there may be a new paragraph for each step in the process or thing being explained.

13. 13 Some language features of explanations focus on generalised non-human things;generalised use of the simple present tense;simple present use of temporal (or chronological) connections;temporal use of impersonal style/passive voice.passive voice. use of causal (or logical) connections;

14. 14 How Blood Moves Around the Heart The heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body. The blood flows through the vena cava into the right atrium and when the right atrium is filled, the blood enters the right ventricle through a valve. It is then pumped to the lungs where it gets oxygen put into it. It then goes back to the heart and enters the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle through a valve. It is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta and around the body where it takes nutrients and oxygen to the body’s cells. general statement Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

15. 15 How Blood Moves Around the Heart The heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body. The blood flows through the vena cava into the right atrium and when the right atrium is filled, the blood enters the right ventricle through a valve. It is then pumped to the lungs where it gets oxygen put into it. It then goes back to the heart and enters the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle through a valve. It is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta and around the body where it takes nutrients and oxygen to the body’s cells. general statement Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 generalised non-human thing

16. 16 How Blood Moves Around the Heart The heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body. The blood flows through the vena cava into the right atrium and when the right atrium is filled, the blood enters the right ventricle through a valve. It is then pumped to the lungs where it gets oxygen put into it. It then goes back to the heart and enters the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle through a valve. It is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta and around the body where it takes nutrients and oxygen to the body’s cells. general statement Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 simple present tense

17. 17 How Blood Moves Around the Heart The heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body. The blood flows through the vena cava into the right atrium and when the right atrium is filled, the blood enters the right ventricle through a valve. It is then pumped to the lungs where it gets oxygen put into it. It then goes back to the heart and enters the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle through a valve. It is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta and around the body where it takes nutrients and oxygen to the body’s cells. general statement Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 passive voice

18. 18 How Blood Moves Around the Heart The heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body. The blood flows through the vena cava into the right atrium and when the right atrium is filled, the blood enters the right ventricle through a valve. It is then pumped to the lungs where it gets oxygen put into it. It then goes back to the heart and enters the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle through a valve. It is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta and around the body where it takes nutrients and oxygen to the body’s cells. general statement Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 temporal expressions

19. 19 differentiating instructions and explanations we read / listen to instructions in order to act Aha! So this is how you do it!

20. 20 we read / listen to an explanation in order to know Hmm. Is that so?

21. 21 can, can’t; could, couldn’t A: My father …lift a pig with one hand. …your father do that? B: I’m not sure. Where do you get a pig with one hand?

22. 22 A:Can I have a pair of crocodile shoes please? B:Sure. (size take crocodile what your does) re-order the words in brackets to complete the joke:

23. 23 A:Waiter, can you get me some undercooked potatoes, some cold beans and a cold fried egg covered in fat? B:I’m sorry, sir but we couldn’t give you anything like that. A: Why not? (me gave what yesterday that’s you)