1. Curative early psychosocial interventions: evidence-based! Dr Jonathan I Bisson Clinical Reader in Psychiatry Cardiff University

2. Guideline recommendation 23 Treatment with trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for those affected who have an acute stress disorder or severe symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in the first month after a shocking experience

3. Wait and Target Traumatic stress symptoms within three months –Acute stress disorder –Acute PTSD Trauma-focused CBT Fifteen RCTs –Individual 4-16 sessions (4 - 17 hours) –Education, relaxation, imaginal exposure, cognitive restructuring and in vivo exposure Roberts et al, 2008

4. TFCBT vs Supportive counselling to treat ASD Clinician administered WMD = -21.51 [-30.24, -12.77] Self report WMD = -20.79 [-25.93, -15.66] Roberts et al, 2008

5. TFCBT V waitlist acute distress from 2 weeks Clinician administered SMD = -0.61 [-1.10, -.13] Self report SMD = -0.84 [-1.72, 0.04] Roberts et al, 2008

6. TFCBT v waitlist Acute PTSD Clinician administered SMD = -1.22 [-1.65, -0.78] Self report SMD = -1.68 [-2.34, -1.01] Roberts et al, 2008

7. Guideline recommendation 24 The study group recommends that relaxation should be offered only as part of CBT, not as a (nontrauma-focused) intervention on its own

8. Relaxation Partner disagreement No evidence in first six weeks Absence of evidence is not evidence of no effect What if can’t tolerate or access TFCBT? SMD & 95% CIs Psychological treatment for chronic PTSD versus wait list

9. The European Network for Traumatic Stress http://www.tentsproject.eu/

10. TENTS Delphi Process Recognizes the value of experts’ opinion, experience and intuition Allows use of limited information when full scientific knowledge is lacking 122 experts (106 responded) Three rounds After each round anonymous summary provided with reasons for judgments Convergence towards “correct” answer aimed for

11. An Example of 2 nd Round Question

12. Average Rating of All Questions

13. TENTS Guidance Other treatments should be available for individuals with acute post traumatic stress disorder when TF-CBT is not available or is not tolerated Evidence based interventions for individuals with other mental health difficulties should be available

14. Guideline recommendation 26 In the event of sleep disorders as a result of the trauma, pharmacotherapy may be considered. For any drug treatment for sleep disorders, depressive disorders or anxiety disorders, the study group refers the reader to the existing guidelines.

15. Relative Risk of PTSD 95% CI = 19

16. Shalev et al (2007) Prolonged exposure, cognitive therapy, escitalopram 10-20mg, placebo, wait list (bi-weekly telephone) 4220 screened, 1470 +ve, 753 interviewed, 397 invited for Rx, 289 randomised 152 agreed to any intervention, 118 to anything but SSRI, 19 SSRI c’ind’d 12% SSRI non completers, 26% PE

17. Shalev et al (2007)

18. Early Pharmacological Interventions No convincing evidence –Propranolol versus placebo (two studies) –Gabapentin versus placebo (one study) –Temazepam versus placebo (one study) –Escitalopram versus placebo (one study) Limited evidence of benefit –Hydrocortisone versus placebo (one study)

19. Guideline recommendation 27 The study group recommends that the employer should offer counselling (to be carried out by a relief worker or trained volunteer) if a shocking event takes place at work.

20. Boscarino et al (2006) 1121 employed adults after 9/11 Telephone interviews at 1 and 2 years 7% reported receipt of employer-sponsored, worksite crisis interventions (? timing) by mental health professionals (non worksite excluded) 1-3 sessions associated with positive outcomes, 4+ sessions excluded Sessions ranged from psychoeducation to anxiety management, 80% said they were positive

21. Employer counselling Partner agreement No evidence in first six weeks Absence of evidence is not evidence of no effect ? recommendation not based on evidence ? need to provide basic support and identify employees who require evidence based intervention

22. Guideline recommendation 28 The study group recommends treatment with trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for children, more than 7 years of age, with severe symptoms of acute post-traumatic stress and/or an acute stress disorder in the first month after a shocking event. Lacks evidence, consistent with NICE

23. Research Recommendations 25. Further studies into the effectiveness of EMDR as a curative early intervention in the first six weeks after stressful life events. 29. Further studies into the effectiveness of EMDR as an early curative intervention in children. 30. Further studies into pharmacological interventions in children.