1. Social movements and reform

2. The Second Great Awakening
1800s, religious leaders organize to revive American commitment to religion and God
Leads to social reforms
Supported by Charles Finney
Everybody had the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation
Founded modern revivalism

4. Mormons Religious group founded by Joseph Smith
Published The Book of Mormon
Brigham Young became the leader and they moved to Utah because they were being persecuted for their beliefs

5. Utopian Communities
Because society corrupted man people began to separate themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal society
Examples are Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida and The Shakers
Most of these communities broke up due to internal conflict

6. Transcendentalism
New England, new way of looking at humanity, nature and God…could transcend (go beyond) their senses to learn about the world
Romanticism: stressed the value of beauty, emotion, and imagination
Inspired by nature

7. Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson: Almost religious about nature
Promoted self-reliance and individualism (take care of yourself)
Henry David Thoreau: lived out the transcendentalism theory by living away from others for 2 years
Chronicled in his book Walden
wrote Civil Disobedience after being jailed for not paying taxes to support Mexican-American War
Be true to yourself even if it breaks the law
Impacted MLK and Gandhi

8. Hudson River School of Artists
Group of romantic landscape painters
Paintings of Hudson River Valley, romantic
Country sides
Frontier life
American subjects
Show a spiritual feeling of nature

9. Educational Reform Movement was led by Horace Mann
Pushed for school to be a legal requirement
Government funded public schools
Wanted their citizens/voters to be well educated and informed

10. Prison Reform
Dorothea Dix: Influenced states to enact prison reforms and created special institutions for the mentally ill
Mentally ill were previously housed with criminals
states began building better facilities for the imprisoned and the mentally ill
Rehabilitation: correct or rid the criminals of their bad behavior
Prison should do more than punish

11. The Temperance Movement
Reformers believed that alcohol caused crime, poverty and sickness
Push for Temperance (drinking in moderation) some for Prohibition (banning alcohol)
Women were biggest supporters
American Temperance Union
Pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor
Lowered the alcohol percent content

12. Abolition of Slavery
Harriet Tubman was “conductor” of the Underground RR
Nat Turner led a slave revolt in Virginia killing 55 whites.
Harriet Beecher Stowe published “Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a powerful novel about the evils of slavery.

13. William Lloyd Garrison published an anti-slavery paper called the Liberator. He advocated for “immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves”. He formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832.

14. David Walker wrote an anti-slavery document called the Appeal.
This document caused an enormous uproar when it called for all slaves to revolt against their masters.

15. The Grimke sisters were abolitionists that traveled through the North.
They lectured on their first-hand experience with slavery on their family plantation.
They were abused and ridiculed for their active roles in abolitionism. This led to them becoming women’s rights activists.
Sarah and Angelina

16. Frederick douglass a former slave who escaped the bonds of slavery.
He was an eloquent speaker who published the “North Star” and advised President Lincoln on behalf of blacks.
He led a nonviolent struggle to desegregate schools, housing areas, and employment places.
He also fought for the right to vote.

17. Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams
Women
Rights were left out of the Constitution
Could not vote
own property
hold political offices
Not equals with their male counterparts
Who could they relate to?
Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams

18. The Women’s Movement Compared their condition to slavery
Women enter the workplace
Created economic and social independence
Begin to work for more rights and opportunities by starting the Women’s Movement
Main Goal: suffrage

19. Seneca Falls Convention
First Women’s Right Convention
Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Convention issued a “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”:
Modeled after the Declaration of Ind.
“all men and women are created equal”
women focus on earning the right to vote
unofficial beginning of the women's suffrage struggle led by Susan B. Anthony

20. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
“We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government…”

21. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her …
Now, in view of this entire disfranchisement …we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these United States.

22. Let’s Review! What was the main theme of the Second Great Awakening?
God was eager to punish sinners and nonbelievers.
God wanted all Christians to become missionaries.
God wanted Christians to make society better.
How could the utopian communities of Brook Farm and New Harmony be described?
Small and short lived
Fiercely religious
Successful and popular
What American themes did writers explore?
Collectivism, dependency, and tyranny
Individualism, independence, and American democracy
Muck-raking, social reform, and environmentalism

23. Let’s Review!
Horace Mann convinced the state of Massachusetts to establish the first of which of the following?
Abolitionist organization
Public high schools and colleges
Public primary schools and mandatory school attendance laws
How could the Hudson River School be considered an example of nationalism?
They painted scenes of religious conversion, showing American holiness.
They painted scenes of American landscapes, showing the beauty of the US.
They painted scenes of European cities, pointing out how dirty they were.
What is the purpose of rehabilitating criminals? Do you think it works?
American women wanted to outlaw alcohol to prevent poverty and abuse of wives and children. Do you think that would work? Why or why not?

24. Let’s review!
How did the abolition movement lead to the women’s rights movement?
The movement gave many women a better understanding of their own lack of rights.
The movement did nothing to motivate women to make changes.
Freed blacks demanded that women be given the right to vote.
Why was the Seneca Falls Convention important?
Attendees drafted petitions calling for a woman to become president.
The convention marked the beginning of the women’s rights movement.
Women immediately saw improvements in their rights after the convention.
In his autobiography, Frederick Douglas states the conditions of slavery for him and other children. What does he describe?
Poorly fed, clothed and educated
Always separated from family early
Placed in the field at age 2