1. Control Systems Home AffairsLocal Govt. Council Labor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office Functional

2. Control Systems InteriorLocal Govt.Public WorksAgricultureEducationLabor Council/Chief Prefectoral - Integrated District Office District Labor Office District Ed. Office District Ag. Office Public Works Office

3. Control Systems Local Govt. Council/ Chief Prefectoral - Unintegrated Police InteriorLabor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office District Office

4. State Societal Linkages Central State - Macro Civil Society - Micro WeakStrong State-mezzo WeakStrong Mono-State…... INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place. …..Local State SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT WeakStrong

5. French Colonial System French National Assembly (Nominal African Reps) Ministry of Overseas Affairs Sub-Chief District Chief Commandant Governor (Guinea) Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar)

6. British Colonial System Parliament (No Rep.) Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) Chief District Officer District Commissioner Regional / Divisional Commissioner Governor / High Commissioner* Sub-Chief Headman Tribal Council Tribal Secretary and Clerks Tribal Treasury Tribal Court Tribal Police * Governor-General / High Commissioner with Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office

7. Reformed British Administration Prime Minister (UK)Colonial Office Secretariat Para-Chief DEO District Commissioner Provincial Commissioner PEO Sub-Chief Headmen Parliament EXECO LEGCO Governor / Governor Secretary MEDWORKSEDUCAGRIC London Dar es Salaam SAA MOJA Village Kilimanjaro Province Moshi

8. Traditional Administration & Governance National Systems Paramount Chief (King) Sub-Chiefs Village Meeting Place Judicial System Advisors (Native Councils) Headmen Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule

9. Imperial Systems King Chief King’s Representative Inner Council Sub-Chief Outer Council Meeting Place Judicial System King’s Representative Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule Traditional Administration & Governance

10. Assimilation: replacement of traditional authorities by soldiers Chief as government official Façade of Direct Rule Grassroots similarity Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule Indirect Rule and “Tribal Administration” Legal / Rational Model Modification of Tradition Training of tribal administrator Traditional Administration & Governance

11. Grassroots Organizations Civic Education Land Rural Industries Rural Credit Governance / Democracy Communication and Support NGOs Women’s Focused Groups Target Group Decentralization