1. Labour migration, financial investments and more: opportunities and challenges linked to South ‐ South migration cooperation Briefing on South-South Migration Cooperatiom Tuesday 29 November 2011, United Nations Headquarters, New York Mr. Sandagdorj Erdenebileg, Acting Director UN-OHRLLS

2. Introduction More than 215 million people live outside their countries of birth In 2010, remittances recovered to the 2008 level of $325 billion after having dropped to $307 billion in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis. Flows are projected to rise to $346 billion in 2011 and $374 billion by 2012

3. Benefits of migration and remittances Poverty and hunger reduction Higher human capital accumulation Higher investment on health and education Access to information and communication technologies Promotion of private enterprises Child labour reduction Helping households be better prepared for natural disasters Diasporas can be an important source of trade, capital, technology, and knowledge for origin countries. Their savings and wealth can be leveraged for development projects through diaspora bonds and remittance-backed bonds.

4. Importance of the global south Substantial changes have taken place at the global level in the control and distribution of resources Economic and political power has been shifting towards the South due to high and sustained growth rates in larger developing countries, particularly China, India, Brazil and South Africa The Istanbul Programme of Action has identified the developing countries as a key development partner of LDCs within the context of S-S cooperation. They are important partners for LDCs for aid, trade, investment, technology transfer and migration.

5. South-South Migration South–South migration is significantly larger than migration from the South to high-income OECD countries High-income non-OECD countries such as the Gulf countries are also major destinations for migrants from the South. Over 80 % of South-South migration estimated to take place between neighbouring countries Mobility among the countries of the South is likely to increase further as the emerging countries continue to become important power in global economic landscape Immigration in developing countries has not captured much attention Most South-South labour mobility relates to lower-skilled workers and informal job markets The Movement of large numbers of skilled migrants (brain drain) also occurs towards countries in the South (17.5% in 2005)

6. Determinants of South-South Migration Income differences, proximity, and networks are the major drivers of migration Motivations for South-South migration also include seasonal patterns and flight from ecological disasters or civil conflict. Other motivations include transit to the North and petty trade

7. Challenges of South-South migration Lack of general data and research on the impact of South-South migration on development Lack of information as the South-South migration often takes place outside of existing frameworks High degree of informality in labour markets and lack of creation of formal employment Limited legal migration opportunities for lower skilled migrant workers, especially young migrants Often restrictions are imposed by the countries of the South on immigrants External shocks such food, energy, financial and economic crises, political conflicts Social system are often not developed enough and are difficult to access by migrant workers Immigration and intra-regional migration in countries of the South need to be strengthened on the political agendas

8. Opportunities of South-South Migration Intra-regional migration entails less distance and costs Less cultural and linguistic differences simplify the integration and potentially reduce psychosocial effects Well-developed informal remittance channels Regional labour markets can offer a new entity of analysis and cooperation linking demand and supply, including through GATS Mode 4 The reduction of costs of migration can imply important poverty reduction gains for larger parts of migrants than those that have the resources to migrate to developed countries. Recognition of qualifications may be less of an issue for lesser skilled migration and easier among countries with similar educational systems. Regional integration, such as in CARICOM, can offer an opportunity to address the issue. Southern growth poles will become more attractive for potential migrants, and the expansion of their economies may simultaneously allow migrants already working there to remit greater financial resources.

9. Migration and the least developed countries Stock of emigrants: 27.5 million or 3.2 percent of population (2010) Destinations: High-income OECD countries (19.2 percent); High-income non-OECD countries (9.8 percent); Low and Middle-income developing countries (63.0 percent); Unidentified (7.6 percent) Top 10 emigration countries: Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Mozambique, the Republic of Yemen, Mali, Haiti, Nepal, Sudan, Eritrea Composition Females as percentage of immigrants: 47.4 percent (compared to 48.4 percent for the world) Refugees as percentage of immigrants: 18.6 percent (compared to 7.6 percent for the world)

10. Importance of remittances for LDCs Development ODAUS$37.2 billion (2009) FDIUS$ 26.4 billion (2010) RemittancesUS$ 25.9 billion (2010)

11. Remittances Remittances inflows to LDCs have grown by almost 17 per cent per year over the last decade Remittances US$ billions 199520002004200520062007200820092010e Inward remittance flows to LDCs 3.96.110.811.914.217.422.924.2a25.9 To all developing countries55.281.3159.3192.1226.7278.5324.8307.1325.5 Outward remittance flows from LDCs 0.71.4 1.51.72.42.52.6b — From all developing countries10.49.528.533.041.052.767.358.7 — Source: Migration and remittances factbook 2011, 2 nd edition

12. Remittances to LDCs (current US$ (billions)) 20022004200620082010 20022004200620082010 Angola 0.08 Malawi0.00 Bangladesh2.863.585.438.9410.85 Mali0.140.160.210.430.44 Benin0.080.060.220.25 Mozambique0.050.060.080.120.13 Bhutan 0.00 Myanmar0.110.12 0.13 Burkina Faso0.060.040.070.10 Nepal0.680.821.452.733.47 Burundi 0.00 0.03 Niger0.020.060.080.09 Cambodia0.140.180.300.330.37 Rwanda0.01 0.020.070.09 Congo, Dem. Rep. Samoa0.050.090.110.14 Djibouti0.010.020.03 Sao Tome and Principe0.00 Equatorial Guinea Senegal0.340.630.931.481.35 Ethiopia0.030.130.170.390.22 Sierra Leone0.02 0.030.06 Gambia, The 0.06 0.12 Solomon Islands0.000.010.00 Guinea0.020.040.050.070.06 Sudan0.981.401.183.101.97 Guinea-Bissau0.020.03 0.05 Tanzania0.01 0.02 Haiti0.680.931.061.371.50 Togo0.100.180.23 0.33 Kiribati0.00 0.020.04 Uganda0.420.310.41 0.91 Lao PDR0.390.630.590.600.75 Vanuatu0.00 0.01 Lesotho 0.060.080.060.03 Yemen, Rep.1.291.28 1.24 Madagascar0.030.010.00 Zambia 0.050.06 0.04

13. Remittances to LDCs (% of GDP) 20012003200520072009 20012003200520072009 Angola.. Mali34355 Bangladesh4671012 Mozambique11111 Benin42454 Nepal312151723 Bhutan.. 00 Niger11222 Burkina Faso21111 Rwanda01112 Burundi.. 002 Samoa1815272426 Cambodia33343 Sao Tome and Principe12111 Djibouti24433 Senegal67911 Ethiopia01121 Sierra Leone13033 Gambia, The..1513911 Solomon Islands11200 Guinea03142 Sudan67444 Guinea-Bissau55366 Tanzania00000 Haiti1829242021 Togo58911 Lao PDR00001 Uganda65345 Lesotho5859454036 Vanuatu201111 Liberia.. 683 Yemen, Rep.1412864 Madagascar000.. Zambia..1110 Malawi0..

14. Sources of remittances to LDCs According to World Bank estimates of bilateral remittances, in 2010: Two thirds of remittances inflows to the LDCs originated in Southern countries Remittances sent to LDCs from developed and transition economies accounted for a mere 35 per cent of the total, despite the fact that migrants working in these countries typically remit greater sums of money.

15. Share of remittance inflows to LDCs 2010 Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on World Bank Bilateral Migration and Remittances 2010

16. Decision taken in the Istanbul Programme of Action on Remittances Remittances are significant private financial resources for households in countries of origin of migration. There is a need for further efforts to lower the transaction costs of remittances and create opportunities for development-oriented investment, bearing in mind that remittances cannot be considered as a substitute for foreign direct investment, ODA, debt relief or other public sources of finance for development. (Para 123) Goals and targets (Para 124)  Reduce the transaction cost of remittance flows and foster the development impact of remittances.

17. Action by least developed countries (Para 125.1) (a)Make efforts to improve access to financial and banking services for easy transaction of remittances; (b) Simplify migration procedures to reduce the cost of outward migration; (c) Take appropriate measures to better utilize knowledge, skills and earnings of the returning migrants; (d) Provide necessary information, as available, to workers seeking foreign employment.

18. Action by development partners (Para 125.2) (a) Resist unfair and discriminatory treatment of migrant workers and the imposition of unreasonable restrictions on labour migration in order to maximize the benefits of international migration, while complying with the relevant national legislation and applicable international instruments; (b) Consider developing, where appropriate and in accordance with domestic laws, a system of short-term migration, including workers from least developed countries; (c) Remove unnecessary restrictions on outward remittances and support the lowering of transaction costs; (d) Consider supporting the least developed countries in establishing the International Migrants Remittance Observatory, on a voluntary basis.

19. Innovative financing tools leveraging on migration and remittances Greece has announced that it will issue diaspora bonds in 2011 for $3 billion mainly for debt management and has filed registration with the US Securities and Exchanges Commission in order to be able to sell the bond to investors in the US. The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation issued a diaspora bond in December 2008 with help from the Ethiopian central bank, but it was not successful in raising significant amount of financing.22 Nepal also issued a local currency diaspora bond in June 2010 The Government of Zimbabwe has also established a committee that will facilitate issuance of a diaspora bond. Diaspora bonds and remittance-backed bonds are being viewed as potential sources that can finance infrastructure and development projects at lower cost and longer maturities. Preliminary estimates suggest that Sub-Saharan African countries can potentially raise $5-10 billion per year by issuing diaspora bonds. Several countries have introduced diaspora bonds in recent years or are in the process of doing so

20. Productive use of remittances by co- development schemes Small scale projects supported by ODA could be implemented in LDCs, where remittances could be invested with attractive and guaranteed dividends. This can incentivize productive investment of remittances. Recipient States should facilitate legal frameworks allowing migrants to retain accounts in foreign currency. They could prepare a portfolio of projects for joint ventures with local business people. They should also continue to simplify the administrative formalities to set up business for example by promoting a one window approach or one stop shop, and facilitate access to credit for investment in productive sectors.

21. Conclusion Migration is a key component of regional and global integration and contains huge potentials Besides remittances, migration can be leveraged for skill and technology transfers and diaspora investments. LDCs and their development partners can adopt policies that encourage circular migration, co-development measures in favour of skills development, incentives for return of migrants, creating employment opportunities, improve linkages and networks between the Diaspora and home countries through improved communication technology to facilitate exchange of skills and knowledge, strengthening data collection, establishment of centres of excellence and promoting research on migration and remittances.

22. Thank you.