1. AP Biology Unit 1 Cell / Biochemistry Powerpoint This powerpoint presentation is a collection of pictures that connect to our unit of study and are organized by each day’s topic as seen at the top of your outlines/notes. I suggest viewing these as you study your notes, but do not feel as though you have need to print this collection.

2. AP Biology Unit 1 1.1 Life’s Beginnings on Earth according to science

3. Nucleic Acid Formation

4. Amino Acid Formation

5. Protein’s Natural Form

6. Monosaccharides Combining

7. Phospholipid Formation

8. Construction of mRNA from DNA

9. Constructing Chromosomes

10. DNA Replicating

11. - Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER Membrane Formation

12. Representation of a Protobionts

13. Stanley Miller

14. LE 26-2 Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 H2H2 Electrode Condenser Cold water Cooled water containing organic molecules Sample for chemical analysis H2OH2O

15. Early Earth

16. Energy Source

18. AP Biology Unit 1 1.2 Basic Cell Structure

19. Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria)

20. Stromatalites in Shark Bay, Australia

21. Eukaryotic Cell (animal)

22. Eukaryotic Cell (plant)

23. Lynn Margulis

24. Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

25. Modern Day Eukaryotic Cells AnimalPlants

26. Prokaryotic cell size as compared to Eukaryotic Cell size

27. Surface Area vs. Volume

28. Cocci Bacteria

29. Bacilli Bacteria

30. Helical Bacteria

31. Cell Wall and Gram Stain

32. Sticky Bacterial Capsule

33. Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria)

35. AP Biology Unit 1 1.3 Biochemistry: Chemistry Basics

36. Most Common Elements in all life forms

37. LE 2-4 Nucleus Electrons Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons)

38. Molecule: Same element

39. Molecule: Different elements

40. Energy and Atoms Third energy level (shell) Second energy level (shell) First energy level (shell) Atomic nucleus Energy absorbed Energy lost

41. Valence Electrons

42. Covalent Bonds

43. POLAR MOLECULE H O H H2OH2O ++ ++ ––

44. Ionic Bonds

45. SALT Na + Cl –

46. HYDROGEN BONDS –– Water (H 2 O) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Hydrogen bond ++ ++ –– ++ ++ ++

47. Van der Waals Interactions e- e- e- e- e- e- NUCLEUS

49. AP Biology Unit 1 1.4 Biochemistry: Water Part 1

50. Earth

51. States of Water

52. Water Cycle Transport over land Precipitation over land Evaporation from ocean Precipitation over ocean Net movement of water vapor by wind Solar energy Evapotranspiration from land Runoff and groundwater Percolation through soil

53. Water and Polarity Hydrogen bonds

54. Water and Cohesion Water-conducting cells 100 µm

55. Adhesion

56. Earth and Temperature

57. Water and Temperature Hydrogen bonds

58. What happens to the ice?

59. Evaporative Cooling

60. Evaporative Cooling in plants

61. Hydrogen Bond angles

62. Life below the water

64. AP Biology Unit 1 1.5 Biochemistry: Water Part 2

65. Universal Solvent

66. Solution

67. Suspension

68. Colloid This is why you should shake milk first

69. Moles of Substances

70. pH and pOH scales

71. Buffering by Bicarbonate in blood

72. Acid Rain Source

73. Acid rain effects on plants

74. Acid Rain and Concrete

76. AP Biology Unit 1 1.6 Biochemistry: Carbon

77. Carbon What is the valence number ?

78. . Carbon (valence = 4)

79. Stanley Miller

80. LE 26-2 Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 H2H2 Electrode Condenser Cold water Cooled water containing organic molecules Sample for chemical analysis H2OH2O

81. Early Earth

82. Carbon Bonding Molecular Formula Structural Formula Ball-and-Stick Model Space-Filling Model Methane Ethane Ethene (ethylene)

83. Hydrocarbon tails

84. Hydrocarbon Tails of a Phospholipid Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Fatty acids Choline Phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic head

85. Cell Membranes

86. Functional groups serve important purposes in molecules Estradiol Testosterone Male lion Female lion

87. LE 4-10aa STRUCTURE (may be written HO—) NAME OF COMPOUNDS Alcohols (their specific names usually end in -ol) Ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Is polar as a result of the electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward itself. Attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars (see Figure 5.3).

88. LE 4-10ab STRUCTURE NAME OF COMPOUNDS Ketones if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton EXAMPLE Acetone, the simplest ketone A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal. Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton Acetone, the simplest ketone Propanal, an aldehyde FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

89. LE 4-10ac STRUCTURE NAME OF COMPOUNDS Carboxylic acids, or organic acids EXAMPLE Has acidic properties because it is a source of hydrogen ions. Acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions (H + ) tend to dissociate reversibly; for example, Acetic acidAcetate ion In cells, found in the ionic form, which is called a carboxylate group.

90. LE 4-10ba STRUCTURE NAME OF COMPOUNDS Amine EXAMPLE Because it also has a carboxyl group, glycine is both an amine and a carboxylic acid; compounds with both groups are called amino acids. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Acts as a base; can pick up a proton from the surrounding solution: (nonionized) Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions Glycine (ionized)

91. LE 4-10bb STRUCTURE (may be written HS—) NAME OF COMPOUNDS Thiols EXAMPLE Ethanethiol FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure (see Figure 5.20).

92. LE 4-10bc STRUCTURE NAME OF COMPOUNDS Organic phosphates EXAMPLE Glycerol phosphate FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Makes the molecule of which it is a part an anion (negatively charged ion). Can transfer energy between organic molecules.

94. AP Biology Unit 1 1.7 Biochemistry: Macromolecules Part 1

95. Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Longer polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer

96. Carbohydrates See the Carbonyls and Hydroxides?

97. Dehydration reactions in Carbohydrates Glucose Maltose Fructose Sucrose Glucose Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose 1–4 glycosidic linkage 1–2 glycosidic linkage

98. Carbohydrate Energy Storage

99. Cellulose in Plant Cell Walls Cellulose molecules Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Cell walls Microfibril Plant cells 0.5 µm  Glucose monomer

100. Chitin

101. Lipids

102. Ester Linkage and Lipids Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat Glycerol Fatty acid (palmitic acid)

103. Triglycerol molecule Ester linkage

104. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

105. Phospholipid of cell membranes

106. Cell Membranes

107. Waxes

108. Steroid Structure

109. LE 4-9 Estradiol Testosterone Male lion Female lion

110. Cell Membranes

111. Lipid storage

113. AP Biology Unit 1 1.8 Biochemistry: Macromolecules Part 2

114. Proteins

115. LE 5-UN78 Amino group Carboxyl group  carbon

116. Fig: 5.17a

117. Fig: 5.17b

118. Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions again Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Longer polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer

119. Peptide Bonding

120. Primary (1’) sequence

121. Primary Structure is IMPORTANT

122. Sickle Cell and Oxygen transport Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures 1 2 3 Normal hemoglobin Val His Leu 4 Thr 5 Pro 6 Glu 7 Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures 1 2 3 Sickle-cell hemoglobin Val His Leu 4 Thr 5 Pro 6 ValGlu 7 Quaternary structure Normal hemoglobin (top view)         Function Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Quaternary structure Sickle-cell hemoglobin Function Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced. Exposed hydrophobic region  subunit

123. 2’ structure

124. 3’ Structure

125. 4’ Structure

126. Protein’s Natural Form

127. Denaturation of a protein

128. Chaperonin

129. Nitrogen Cycle and Proteins Assimilation N 2 in atmosphere Decomposers Nitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Nitrification Ammonification Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes NO 3 – NO 2 – NH 4 + NH 3

131. AP Biology Unit 1 1.9 Biochemistry: Macromolecules Part 3

132. DNA vs. RNA nucleotides Remember, DNA is long term; RNA is temporary

133. Nucleic Acids (DNA)

134. Nucleic Acids (RNA)

135. Nucleotides

136. Complimentary Base Pairing

137. See the HYDROGEN bonds? Remember, these are very important bonds.

138. Nucleotide sequence is important! Remember, DNA will make proteins.

139. Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Longer polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer

140. 5th Carbon of the Sugar holds the phosphate. 3 rd Carbon is the open bond. Phosphate of the next nucleotide bonds at the 3 rd carbon.

141. Phosphodiester Bonds of Nucleic Acids New strand 5 end Phosphate Base Sugar 3 end Nucleoside triphosphate

142. DNA Double Helix Structure

143. Watson and Crick

144. Blueprint vs. Protective Cap DNA Double Strand: ____________________________________ ______ Important “Blueprint” sequence ______ Protective “cap” sequence

145. Genes and Evolution

146. The Phosphorus Cycle and Nucleic Acids and ATP Sedimentation Plants Rain Runoff Weathering of rocks Geologic uplift Soil Leaching Decomposition Plant uptake of PO 4 3– Consumption

148. AP Biology Unit 1 1.10 Cell Membrane Structure & Molecule Transport Part 1

149. Cell Membrane

150. Amphipathic Phospholipids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER

151. Amphipathic Proteins Hydrophilic region of protein Hydrophobic region of protein Phospholipid bilayer

152. Cell Membrane

153. Membrane Protein Functions Enzymes Signal Receptor ATP Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction

154. Membrane Protein Functions Glyco- protein Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extra- cellular matrix (ECM)

155. Cholesterol of the Membrane

156. Fluid Mosaic Model and Phospholipids Lateral movement (~10 7 times per second) Flip-flop (~ once per month) Movement of phospholipids

157. Surface Area vs. Volume

158. Surface Area of the lungs (alveoli)

159. Digestive Tract Small Intestine averages 23 feet.

160. Villi and Microvilli on the interior of the small intestine Key Nutrient absorption Microvilli (brush border) Epithelial cells Lacteal Lymph vessel Villi Large circular folds Epithelial cells Blood capillaries Vein carrying blood to hepatic portal vessel Muscle layers Villi Intestinal wall

161. Excretory Structures

162. Nitrogenous Waste filtering

164. AP Biology Unit 1 1.11 Membrane Structure & Molecule Transport Part 2

165. Cell Membrane

166. Tunnel Transport proteins EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Channel protein Solute CYTOPLASM

167. “Grabber” Transport proteins Carrier protein Solute

168. Diffusion

169. Osmosis

170. . Animal cell Lysed H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Normal Hypotonic solution Isotonic solutionHypertonic solution H2OH2O Shriveled H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Plant cell Turgid (normal) FlaccidPlasmolyzed

171. Positive Pressure Potential

172. Negative Pressure Potential

173. Solute Potential ΨS = -iCRT -i (ionization constant) C (molar concentration) R (pressure constant) T (temperature in Kelvin)

174. Total Water Potential problems

175. Facilitated Diffusion EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Channel protein Solute CYTOPLASM

176. Active Transport Cytoplasmic Na + bonds to the sodium-potassium pump CYTOPLASM Na + [Na + ] low [K + ] high Na + EXTRACELLULAR FLUID [Na + ] high [K + ] low Na + ATP ADP P Na + binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP. Na + K+K+ Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its conformation, expelling Na + to the outside. P Extracellular K + binds to the protein, triggering release of the phosphate group. P P Loss of the phosphate restores the protein’s original conformation. K + is released and Na + sites are receptive again; the cycle repeats. K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+

177. Cell Voltage Gradient

178. Proton pumps

179. Proton pumps and co-transport

180. Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

181. . Receptor RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS Ligand Coated pit Coated vesicle Coat protein Coat protein Plasma membrane 0.25 µm A coated pit and a coated vesicle formed during receptor- mediated endocytosis (TEMs).

183. AP Biology Unit 1 1.12 Eukaryotic Cell Components Part 1

184. Eukaryotic Cell (plant)

185. Eukaryotic Cell (animal)

186. . Close-up of nuclear envelope Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Ribosome Pore complexes (TEM)Nuclear lamina (TEM) 1 µm Rough ER Nucleus 1 µm 0.25 µm Surface of nuclear envelope

187. Chromatin vs. Chromosomes appearance within the cell.

188. Ribosomes

189. Endomembrane System

190. Endoplasmic Reticulum

191. Golgi Apparatus

192. . Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food 1 µm Plasma membrane Food vacuole Lysosome Nucleus Digestive enzymes Digestion Lysosome Lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes Food vacuole fuses with lysosome Hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles

193. Central Vacuole of a plant

194. Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

195. Contractile Vacuole

196. Removes excess water in aquatic single celled organisms

198. AP Biology Unit 1 1.13 Eukaryotic Cell Components Part 2

199. . Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix 100 nm Mitochondrial DNA Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix

200. Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria)

201. Chloroplasts

202. Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria)

203. Lynn Margulis

204. Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

205. Modern Day Eukaryotic Cells AnimalPlants

206. Cytoskeleton

208. Centrioles

209. Cellular Movement

211. Microfilaments in muscle tissue

212. Muscle Tissue under the Microscope

214. Protective Cell Wall in Plants

215. Cell walls composed of Chitin sugar.

216. Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Proteoglycan complex Collagen fiber Fibronectin Integrin Micro- filaments CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane

217. A cell is the sum of it’s parts.

218. This is the conclusion of AP Bio Unit 1 Powerpoint Collection. Take time before our unit exam to scan this file for reoccurring themes within the content of our unit. Print pics as needed that would help you to study. For example slide 170 is a great illustration as to how plant and animal cells may respond to various solutions.