1. Core Concepts of Interprofessional Education and Practice

2. Emergence Quality and safety Chronic care Rising costs Patient-centeredness Media coverage

3. Interprofessional education

4. Definitions IPE “ occasions when two or more professions learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care ” (Barr et al 2005)

5. Definitions MPE “Occasions when members of two or more professions learn alongside one another: in other words, parallel rather than interactive learning” (Barr et al 2005)

6. Disciplines and professions Disciplines – psychology, anthropology, economics, geography, political science,. Professions – medicine, nursing, social work

7. IPE aims improving interprofessional communication enhancing teamwork knowledge/skills resolving interprofessional rivalry improving quality (relationships, patient care)

8. IPE principles collaborative egalitarian group-directed experiential reflective

9. Types of IPE Formal learning Serendipitous learning (e.g. informal interactions between learners)

10. IPE foci 1. preparing individuals for collaboration 2. cultivating collaboration in groups or teams 3. improving services & quality of care

11. Interactive learning methods exchange (seminars) problem-focused (problem solving) practice learning (student placements) simulation (role play) e-learning (internet interaction)

12. IPE outcomes level 1 – reactions level 2a – attitudes/perceptions level 2b – knowledge/skills level 3 – individual behaviour level 4a – organisational behaviour level 4b – patient/client benefit Kirkpatrick 1967 (modified by Barr et al 2000, 2005)

13. environment group balance (professional mix) group size / stability reflection -learners & facilitators -reflecting ‘in action’ and ‘upon action’

14. creation of conductive environment -equal status of learners -cooperative/supportive atmosphere awareness: heterogeneity of learners -profession, power, status, prestige

15. Interprofessional practice

16. Key factors Individual willingness Equitability (shared planning/decision-making) Organisational/managerial support Open systems of communication Regular interaction/negotiation Education/training

17. Underpinning issues Joint activity Working together on an agreed task Equality, co-operation Synchronous/asynchronous Collaborating with an ‘enemy ’

18. Networking Coordination Collaboration Teamwork Forms of interprofessional practice Reeves et al., 2010

19. Notion of ‘exchange’ IP collaboration is not an altruistic act Requires 'pay-off' for individuals/parties Need to make exchange explicit (Hudson 1987)

20. Risk Unpredictable activity Uncertain outcomes (possible failure) Possibility of ‘cultural suicide’ (Brookfield 1993)

21. Competing interests… “When individuals and groups come together, even if they are form the same organisation, and particularly if they are from different organisations, there is representation of different and often competing interests [which] can generate tensions and conflicts” (Beattie et al 1996)

22. Professionalization Creation of professional boundaries Hierarchical division of labor Imbalances of power/status

23. Time-space issues Stairs separating teams can reduce interactions by 30% (Handy 1999) Heavy profession-specific workloads can limit time for meetings Emergence of ‘knotworking’ (Engeström et al. 1999)

24. Common problems -Insufficient time for interaction/negotiation -Lack of teambuilding activities -Confused team roles (generic working) -Vertical management -Others..???