1. Representation of Europe Commonalities and national differences Paszkál Kiss EuroPhD on S.R. & C. Roma, 2005

2. Main points  National identity: its complexity, and its functions  Different aspects and debates in studying national identity  Commonalities and differences the representations of the nation and of the EU

3. National identity: components and functions National identity is multidimensional Different functions of national identity Levels and aspects in social identification

4. National identity is a multidimensional construct (Smith)  Historic territory, homeland  Shared myths and common historic memories  Shared popular culture  Same rights and duties  Single economic territory with mobility of labour and exchange of goods

5. Some functions of national identity  Locates the community in space and time  Supports state power and institutions  Reinforces economic control over a given territory  Provides framework for socialization of people as citizens  Establishes a social bond between individuals (by providing shared values and symbols)  Provides a social framework for individual identification

6. Cumulative hierarchies of regional, national, EU, and international attitudes (Dekker)

7. Different aspects and debates in studying national identity Different disciplines about NI Debates about when is the nation Psychological theories

8. Different disciplines about national identity  History (emergence of nations)  Philosophy (nation as an end/value)  Anthropology (cultural analysis and comparison)  Political Science (national institutions, governance, international order)  Sociology (societal structure of nations)  Psychology (national identification, national stereotypes, prejudice)

9. When is the nation? PrimordialistsEthnosymbolistsModernists Nations are eternal Nations are natural collective phenomena Psychologism: social need (group selection) Ethnic roots of nations Elite redraws previously existing ethnic heritage Cultural and political bases for nations (role of symbols and remembering) Nations are only in modernity Elite construction State has primary role (idea of nation-state)

10. Classic and modern psychological theories about nations Nations from inside  group dynamics (centripetal and centrifugal forces)  leader and public (mass psychology)  indigenous culture studied by cultural psychology  social representations Nations in comparison  study of national character  national stereotypes  intercultural comparison  social identity theory  realistic conflict theory

11. Empirical research Euronat poject Survey on public opinion

12. Euronat project 2001-2004  Research on elite (media, political discourse) and everyday (questionnaire, interview) representations about nation and Europe  Multiple methods used: historic analysis, media analysis, analysis of political discourse, survey, interview  Countries involved: Austria, Czech Republic, Great Britain, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain Founded by European Commission Research DG, Key Action Improving the Socio-Economic Knowledge Base (contract no. HPSE-CT2001-00044)

13. Survey on public opinon  Spring, 2002  Representative samples from 9 countries (N=10,023)  Three questions: 1. Social distance 2. representation of the nation 3. representation of Europe

14. Closeness as a general attitude The question Correlations National identification patterns

15. „…what extent you feel close to the following groups?”  people in city, village  people in region  fellow nationals  EU citizens  fellow Europeans  people in CEU  Arabs  Turks  Russians  US citizens  Gypsies  Jews

16. Optimal Scaling: social distance PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLOSENESS 1,0,8,6,4,2-,0-,2-,4-,6 PATTERNS OF IDENTITY CLOSENESS 1,0,8,6,4,2 -,0 -,2 -,4 -,6 POLAND HUNGARY CZECH REP. AUSTRIA GERMANY E. GREAT BRITAIN SPAIN ITALY GREECE GERMANY W. Jews Gypsies USA Russians Turks Arabs C. & E. Europe Europe EU nation region village Russians Gypsies Turks Jews Arabs

17. National-European identification

18. Cognitive aspects of representing the nation The question Results

19. „I feel [Hungarian] because I share with my fellow [Hungarians]…”  common culture, customs and traditions  common language  common ancestry  common history, destiny  common political and legal system  common rights and duties  common system of social protection  a national economy  national defence system  our homeland  a feeling of national pride  national independence and sovereignty  our national character  our national symbols (e.g. the flag, the national anthem)

20. Optimal Scaling: rep. of nation GLOBAL FEELINGS OF NATIONALISM 1,0,8,6,4,2-,0-,2-,4-,6 KIND OF NATIONAL IDENTITY,6,4,2 0,0 -,2 -,4 POLAND HUNGARY CZECH REP. AUSTRIA GERMANY E. GREAT BRITAIN SPAIN ITALY GREECE GERMANY W. symbols character sovereignty pride borders army economy welfare rights/duties politics hystory/destiny ancestry language culture

21. Cognitive aspects of EU- representation The question Results

22. „I feel European because I share with fellow Europeans…”  common civilisation  Membership in a European society with many languages and cultures  common ancestry  common history, destiny  EU institutions and an emerging common political and legal system  common rights and duties  common system of social protection within the EU  free movement and residence in any part of the EU territory  emerging EU defense system  common European homeland  feeling of pride for being European  Sovereignty within the EU territory  a (future) common EU currency  set of EU symbols (e.g. flag, anthem)

23. Optimal Scaling: rep. of EU GLOBAL FEELINGS OF EUROPEANISM 1,0,8,6,4,2-,0-,2-,4-,6 KIND OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY,8,6,4,2 0,0 -,2 -,4 -,6 -,8 -1,0 -1,2 POLAND HUNGARY CZECH REP. AUSTRIA GERMANY E. GREAT BRITAIN SPAIN ITALY GREECE GERMANY W. symbols economy sovereignty pride borders army mov./resid. welfare rights/duties politics hystory/destiny ancestry lang./cult. civilization History/destiny Civilization Pride Politics Symbols Rights/duties

24. Conclusions Commonalities Differences

25. Conclusions I.  Attachement to EU: between (parochial) ingroups and outgroups  Dimensions for differences: ethnic (emotional, cultural) – civic (legal, instrumental) levels of identification (region, nation, EU…)  National identity is not in conflict with European attachments (not only independence but also synergy)

26. Conclusions II.  In both the attitudinal and representational aspects there are great national differences  In attitudes there is a difference in distinguishing between ingroups and outgrups  There is a difference in inclusive-exclusiveness of national identification (to EU-attachment)  In rep. of nation there is a difference in emphasizing cultural or non-cultural elements  In rep. of EU there is a difference in emphasizing cultural or non-cultural elements  Differences depend on national history and culture

27. Thank you for your attention! paszkal_kiss@ludens.elte.hu