2. 《高级英语》 精品课程 第二册 绍兴文理学院元培学院

3. Lesson Five Lesson Four Love is a Fallacy ---- by Max Shulman

4. Check your preview Type of writing? Tone? Writing purpose? Difficult points?

5. Teaching Aims 1)To familiarize students with basic knowledge of logic fallacies. 2)To help students learn the way of characterization in the text. 3)To help students appreciate the humor and satire of the author.

6.  Love is an easy game to play. Love is an easy game to play.  Love is blue, like the "blue" in "blue movies". Love is blue, like the "blue" in "blue movies  Love is blind.  Love is a kind of emotion that makes you feel up and down.  Love is in giving rather than in taking. How do you think of some of the following viewpoints concerning love? (work in groups)  One is half when he/she is born. He/She spends most of his/her time in search of the other half. Eventually, he/she finds his/her love.

7. As evening _____ a maiden stood At the _____ of a wood In her hands lay the reins of a stallion And n'er I'd seen A girl as _____ Heard a _______ voice anywhere Whispered, alas She belonged Belonged to another Another, forever Yes, she belonged to The twilight and _______.

8. How do you understand the title of the text? 2 When taken as a specific term in logic, the title means “ love can not be deduced from a set of given premises”, that is, love is illogical. 1 When “fallacy” is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means “there is a deceptive or delusive quality about love”.

9. Max Shulman (1919 ---- 1988) is one of the America’s best- known humorists. He is a writer of many talents ---- he has written novels, stories, Broadway plays, movie scenarios and television scripts. Author A writer in the early 40s as one of America’s best-known humorists. Lots of his novels were adapted to the screen. Best remembered for creating the popular character Dobie Gillis, a typical American teen who frequently suffered from romantic angst (worry). The character appeared on a popular television sitcom (situation comedy) during the 50s and was in a feature film in 1953.

10. The function of the first 3 paras. The author's idea about this story: this essay is even freer, even more informal than the ones Lamb wrote. The author’s notes The author's idea about the purpose of this story: logic is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion and trauma.

11. Detailed Analysis of the Preface (Para 1-3) Words and Expressions enterprising: energetic, initiative in a month of Sundays: in a long time unfetter: free from fetter, to set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds. unfetter a prisoner unfetter mind from prejudice 消除偏见 limp: drooping, having lost stiffness, rigidity 柔软的 His limp body collapsed forward flaccid: lacking firmness and resilience, soft and limp flaccid cheeks 松弛的面颊

12. spongy: soft and porous * pedantic: characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules 迂腐的， 乏味的 a pedantic attention to details. 学究式地注意细枝末节 trauma: n. a painful emotional experience, or shock, often producing a lasting psychic effect and sometimes a neurosis

13. Key Sentences Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream’s Children. 《古瓷》和《梦中的孩子》 像 Charles Lamb 这样快乐和富有创新精神的人物并不常见， 他写了《古瓷》和《梦中的孩子》这两篇文章，这两篇文 章可以说解放了散文 。

14. Charles Lamb (b. Feb. 10, 1775, London, Eng.--d. Dec. 27, 1834, Edmonton, Middlesex), English essayist and critic, best-known for his series of miscellaneous Essays of Elia, but also among the greatest of English letter writers, and a perceptive literary critic.

15. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb’s frontier. metaphor, comparing the limitation set by Lamb to a frontier. The informal essay that follows here is freer than the one Charles Lamb wrote.

16. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion and trauma metaphor and hyperbole. Metaphor comparing logic to a living human being. Hyperbole for the exaggeration for the sake of effect. Logic is not at all a dry, learned branch of learning. It is like a living human being, full of beauty, passion and painful emotional shocks far from: not at all. discipline: a branch of knowledge or learning.

17. Argument In order to understand what a fallacy is, one must understand what an argument is. Very briefly, an argument consists of one or more premises and one conclusion. There are two main types of arguments: deductive and inductive. Deductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide complete support for the conclusion. An inductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide some degree of support (but less than complete support) for the conclusion.

18. 归纳法与演绎法 （前提与结论） 某农妇养小鸡 10 只，公母各半，她预备母鸡养大生蛋， 公鸡则养至 100 天后陆续杀以佐餐。天天早晨她拿米 喂鸡。到 100 天的早晨，一只公鸡正这样想到：第一 天早晨有米吃，第二天早晨有米吃， ······ 第 99 天早晨 有米吃 ， 所以今天，是第 100 天，一定有米吃 ······ 但 是农妇把这只鸡杀了 ······ 人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。中国古时候有个 文学家叫做司马迁的说过： “ 人固有一死，或重于泰 山，或轻于鸿毛。 ” 为人民利益而死，就比泰山还重； 替法西斯卖力，替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死，就 比鸿毛还轻。张思德同志是为人民利益而死的，他的 死是比泰山还要重的。 —— 《为人民服务》毛泽东

19. Fallacy Fallacies are defects in an argument - other than false premises - which cause an argument to be invalid, unsound ( 无根据的, 有缺点地 ) or weak. By understanding what fallacies are, you can avoid making them and more easily detect them in the work of others 1) an idea which many people believe to be true but which is in fact false because it is based on incorrect information or faulty reasoning. 2) a weakness and lack of logic or good sense in an argument or piece of arguing. E.g. The belief that women are always weaker than men is just a fallacy.

20. Logic Fallacies  1. Dicto Simpliciter ( 绝对判断 )  2. Hasty Generalization ( 草率结论, 不完全归纳 )  3. Post Hoc ( 牵强附会, 假性因果 )  4. Contradictory Premises ( 矛盾前提, 大前提是谬论）  5. Ad Misericordiam ：拉丁文，意思为诉诸同情 (a Latin phrase meaning “to pity”; a fallacy in logic of appealing to pity or compassion.)  6. False Analogy ( 错误类比 )  7. Hypothesis Contrary to Fact ( 与事实相反的假设 )  8. Poisoning the Well ( 井下投毒 )

21. 1.Dicto Simpliciter ( 绝对判断） —the fallacy is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances make the rule inappropriate. Examples: Car is fast. Therefore every time we hang out, we should drive a car. Dog is a pet. Everyone likes it. Japanese waged a war to Chinese, which had nothing to do with humanity but everything to do with aggression. Therefore every Japanese is guilty and should be condemned.

22. 2. Hasty Generalization （草率结论） --- The fallacy argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. Examples: A sports program is interesting. An entertainment program is interesting. A TV series is interesting. Therefore every TV program is interesting. I haven’t seen a UFO; Jason hasn’t either; Ms Yan hasn’t probably; so no UFO at all.

23. 3. Post Hoc （牵强附会） --- -- This fallacy assumes that if event Y happened after event X, then X must be the cause of Y. Examples: Don’t sing this song. Every time you sing this song, the baby gets sick. I never drink purified water. Each time I do I’ll get diarrhea. [da ɪ ə’ri:ə] （腹泻） His eyes are very big, so he must have good eyesight.

24. 4. Contradictory Premises （矛盾前提） --The conclusion is contradictory to the premise This is the mightiest sword which is able to shatter any shield, and that is the most indestructible shield which is capable of enduring any stroke. I think he is the invincible ( 不可战胜的 ) man in the world, and nothing is powerful enough to defeat him. But, of course, he has certain drawbacks that might cause him to lose.

25. 5. Ad Misericordiam （诉诸同情，文不对题） ---The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises “He was late for the class today.” “Because he was scolded by his mother yesterday.” “Have you had lunch?” “I got up late this morning, and unfortunately I fell down from my bike when riding to school.”

26. 6. False Analogy （错误类比） –--- The analogy is false because the two items don ’ t have strong enough similarities to predict that what happens in one will happen in the other. Since we have moon cakes in the Moon Festival, why don’t we have spring cakes in the Spring Festival? Before the founding of the People’s Republic, eating rotten vegetables and bran was so common to the people. So I don’t think it is unbearable to eat the remains of the meal.

27. 7. Hypothesis Contrary to Fact （与事实相反的假设） If the gunpowder hadn’t been invented, there wouldn’t have been so many wars in the world. How could you have passed the exam what if I hadn’t told you the answer in advance?

28. 8. Poisoning the Well （井下投毒） --- “speaking against the man” This fallacy makes a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false. Don’t listen to any word from him, for he is most shameful cheating around the world. The defendant killed the victim cruelly, I suggest Lord sentence him guilty.

29. 1) People all over the world are peace-loving. 2) His parents love him. His Miss Right loves him, too. So, everybody he knows loves him. 3) Don’t eat eggs before an exam. I am flunked （不及格） every time when I take an exam after eating an egg. 4) He decided to give up all his decisions. (Dicto Simpliciter) ( 绝对判断） (Hasty Generalization) （草率结论） (Post Hoc.) （牵强附会） ( Contradictory Premises) （矛盾前提） Analyze the following fallacies

30. 5) When the interviewer asks the job-hunter to make a brief self-introduction, he replies that he has to find a job to afford his old parents and young children who are now suffering from hunger. (Ad Misericordiam) （诉诸同情） 6) We can take books and food in the train, then shouldn’t we take a bomb with us in the train? (False Analogy) （错误类比） 7) If Chinese people had not overthrown the Kuomingtang Regime, we would not live a happy life today. (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact) （与事实相反的假设）

31. 8) When the new teacher asked Peter to answer the question, Tom rose to his feet and said: “Peter is a dunce( 蠢材，笨学生 ), he knows nothing about what you are talking about.” (Poisoning the Well) （井下投毒） 9) All students in this university can speak English well. (Dicto Simpliciter) （绝对判断） 10. I will not go to the library any more, because every time I go there, it rains. (Post Hoc.) （牵强附会） Do exercise on the Textbook pp 78

32. General understanding of the story -- plot -- theme -- characters -- point of view -- tone/ atmosphere -- climax -- writing style

33. Relationship Raccoon coat Belongs to Want a wife

34. Raccoon coats Raccoon coats were a fad in the United States during the 1920s, particularly with (male) college students in the mid- and later years of the decade. They are full-length fur coats.fadUnited Statesfur coats The craze reached its peak in 1928, when George Olsen (1893–1971) and his band (George Olsen and His Music) recorded the lyrics to a peppy dance tune called “Doin’ the Raccoon,” that described how “rough guys, tough guys, men of dignity / Join the raccoon coat fraternity.”

35. The Plot of the Story The narrator of the story, Dobie Gilles, a freshman in a law school struggled against two antagonists: Petey Burch, his roommate whose girl friend he planned to steal; and Polly Espy, the girl he intended to marry after suitable re- education. In order to make Polly a suitable wife for himself, Dobie gave her a series of lessons on logic fallacies on a few nights’ dating. Yet what he had done backfired on him when Polly refuted all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him, just because Burch owned a raccoon coat that all fashionable people on campus were wearing. In fact it was Dobie himself who gave Burch the raccoon coat for the privilege of dating the girl.

36. Theme -- love is a fallacy. (to be specific, ‘love is an error’, a deception and an emotion that does not follow the principles of logic. Through the story, we can find that in the affluent society, girls do not want brilliant, gifted or educated husbands, but want husbands who are rich and wealthy enough to provide all the things necessary for keeping up with the Joneses – home, clothes, cars, etc.) Protagonist: Dobie Gilles Antagonists: Petey Burch, Polly Espy Tone: light, humorous, satirical Point of view: first person Climax: Para 147-150 when Polly refused to go steady with Dobbie because she had already promised to go steady with Petey Burch.

37. Structure of the story Part I (4-59): Part II (60-61): Part III (62-98): Part IV (99-123): Part V (124-125): Part VI (126-154): the deal between Dobbie and Petey the first date between Dobbie and Polly the second date the third date the transitional paragraph the final date

38. characterization Narrator Petey Polly roommateslovers Cool; logical; keen; calculating; perspicacious; acute; astute; as powerful as a dynamo; as precise as a chemist’s scale Dumb as an ox; nice but nothing upstairs; emotional; unstable; impressionable; a faddist Beautiful; gracious; an erectness of carriage; an ease of bearing; the best of breeding; exquisite manners; unintelligent

39. Detailed Analysis of the characters Protagonist: Dobie Para 4: Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astute – I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And – think of it! – I was only eighteen. Words and Expressions calculating: shrewd or cunning, esp. in a selfish way perspicacious:, having keen judgment or understanding; acutely perceptive; clear- sighted acute and astute: having or showing a clever or shrew mind; cunning; crafty; wily dynamo: generator scalpel: a small, light, straight knife with a very sharp blade, used by surgeons and in anatomical dissections penetrating: sharp; piercing Paraphrasing My brain was like a forceful dynamo, accurate scales and a sharp scalpel. Simile and hyperbole.

40. Distinguish Words Keen Acute Astute Perspicacious Calculating A vigorous and forceful ability to grapple with complex or obscure problems. e.g. a keen mind for distinction A sensitivity to nuances that might escape other. E.g. an acute awareness of sth A thorough and profound understanding. E.g. an astute assessment/evaluation of sth The most formal of these words; it stresses intensity of perception. E.g. a perspicacious remark Shrewd and cunning

41. Para 5: it is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Para 20: My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. Para 23: …but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. Para 134: I paused for a moment while my massive brain chose the proper words. Paraphrasing Para 5: hyperbole for effect. Great mind or intelligence. Para 20: mixed metaphor, comparing at the same time the brain to a precision instrument and to a machine (like a car) that has gears. My brain began to work at high speed or efficiency. A machine is in high gear when the arrangement of gears provide the greatest speed but little power. Para 23: metonymy. “heart” stands for “feelings and emotions” and “head” stands for “reason and good sense”. I do not let feelings or emotions to get the upper hand of reason or good sense. I’m guided in my actions by reason and good sense and not by feelings and emotions. Para 134: hyperbole for effect. Great mind or intelligence.

42. Para 138: I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me. Para 151: I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it. Para 153: Look at me – a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Paraphrasing Para 138: Pygmalion and Frankenstein are two allusions.Pygmalion and Frankenstein He planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for himself; but he became Frankenstein for Polly ultimately rejected him. His creature (Polly) attacked by seizing and squeezing his throat. Desperately he tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming him. Para 151: I staggered back overcome by the great wickedness of Petey’s traitorous act. Para 153: assured future: a safe and secure future.

43. Pygmalion Greek mythology: a king of Cyprus, and a sculptor, who fell in love with his own statue of Galatea, later brought to life by the goddess of love, Aphrodite [æfrə’daiti], at his prayer. 阿芙罗狄蒂 ( 爱与美的女神 ) Based on this classical myth, Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion plays on the complex business of human relationships in a social world. My Fair Lady (Bernard Shaw) 卖花女 / 窈窕淑女 / 皮革马力翁 'Pygmalion and Galatea Professor Higgens and Doolittle

44. Frankenstein The title character in a novel (1818) by Mary Shelley. Frankenstein is a young medical student who creates a monster that destroys him. Now the word often refers to an agency or a creation that slips from the control of and ultimately destroys its creator.

45. A young scientist was trying to discover a way to make the dead walk, and found out the mystery of human body and created a strange being, an ugly monster. Frankenstein was very shocked by the ugly shape of the monster, so he left the monster with hate. Since then, the monster faced a world full of hate and fear. He couldn’t bear the heavy burden of being a strange creature. He then made up his mind to revenge on his creator, Frankenstein. He covered a long distance to Frankenstein’s hometown, and met the little brother of Frankenstein by accident. He killed the boy. As soon as Frankenstein heard the bad news, Frankenstein went back home. Later he met the real murderer, the monster, and he hated the monster more. The monster asked him to make the monster a wife, so that the monster wouldn’t harm Frankenstein’s family anymore. Frankenstein agreed and started working. But he soon regretted. He broke his promise. Soon, he suffered the pain of losing his best friend, Henry, and his fiancée, Elizabeth. He decided to kill the monster then die himself. It was not easy to follow the monster’s step. The monster moved so quickly to the North Pole but the cold weather there soon destroyed Frankenstein. Very soon after he was saved by Captain Walton, he died. Walton was asked to kill the monster for Frankenstein. Finally, the monster realized the mistake he had made and chose to end his life by himself.

46. Antagonist: PeteyBurch Para 5: Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every craze that comes along, to surrender yourself to idiocy just because everyone else is doing it – this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness. Paraphrasing ellipsis. He is of the same age and has the same background but he is dumb as an ox. dumb as an ox: simile, as stupid as an ox; very stupid. nothing upstairs: (American slang) empty-headed; a nitwit. impressionable: easily affected by other people. fad: a custom, style, etc. that many people are interested in for a short time; passing fashion; craze. faddist:: a person who follows fads. craze: something that is currently the fashion. acme: the highest point; point of culmination Fads, in my opinion, show a complete lack of reason. It is the greatest of lack of intelligence for me to follow enthusiastically every current fashion that appears, or to indulge yourself to stupid action just because everyone else is doing it.

47. Para 50: He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif as a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning. Para 153: Look at Petey – a knot-head, a jitterbug, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from.

48. Paraphrasing waif: a person without home or friends, esp. A homeless child swivel: v.i. turn on wax: v.i. grow gradually larger; increase in strength, intensity, volume, etc. wane: v.i. become less intense, strong, bright, etc. knot-head: [slang]. A foolish, stupid person jitterbug: n a dance for couples, esp. in the early 1940’s, involving fast, acrobatic movements to swing music. [fig] an emotionally unstable person. Para 50: He was agitated and tormented, not knowing what was the right thing to do. The way he looked at the coat was the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window (simile)…. His head turned back and forth. Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away Polly became weaker. (antithesis) Para 153: He does not know whether he’ll have something to eat for his next meal. He is a man with a very uncertain future.

49. Antagonist: Polly Para 25: Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt sure that time would supply the lack. She already had the makings. Para 26: Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding. At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house --…---without even getting her fingers moist. Para 27: Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.

50. Words and Expressions pin-up: (American colloquialism) designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls. proportions: lines, shapes of the body. makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something. His father saw him the makings of an artist even when he was three. She has the makings of a fine teacher. carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture, conduct. bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner He has a bearing of a solider. 他有军人的风度.

51. exquisite: very beautiful and lovely, esp., in a delicate and carefully wrought way. 优美的, 高雅的. She is a ballet dancer of exquisite skill. 她是一个动作优美的芭蕾舞演员. specialty of the house: the special dish which the restaurant or cafeteria sells. gravy: n. the juice given off by meat in cooking 肉汁, 调味汁. fish gravy 鱼汁 post roast: meat, usually a large cut of beef, cooked in one piece by braising. a dipper of sauerkraut: a small cupful of pickled chopped cabbage dump: (American colloquialism) stupid, moronic; unintelligent veer: change direction; shift; turn or swing around.

52. Paraphrasing Para 25: she was not yet as beautiful as a pin-up girl but I felt sure that she would become beautiful enough after some time. She already had the all the physical qualities needed for developing into a very beautiful woman. Para 26: …she walked with the head and body erect and moved in a natural and dignified manner – all this showed she was well educated and trained in manners and social behavior… Para 27: In fact, she went in the opposite direction. (euphemism). She was not intelligent, rather, she was very stupid. It is easier…(antithesis)

53. Words and Expressions & Paraphrasing Para 61: This girl’s lack of information was terrifying. Now would it be enough merely to supply her with information. First she had to be taught to think. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and…But then I got to think about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork. Para 98: Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Admittedly it was not a project fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try. loom: appear or come in sight distinctly. dimension: extent, size or degree; scope no small dimensions: understatement or litotes, in which something is expected by a negation of the countrary.

54. physical charms: beautiful face and figure. embers: the smoldering remains of a fire ( 余烬 ) smolder: v.i. burn and smoke without flame; be consumed by slow combustion fraught: filled, charged, or loaded Para 61:…to teach her to think appeared to be a rather big task. Para 98: metaphor, comparing Polly’s mind to the extinct crater to a volcano, and “embers” to some spark of intelligence. Perhaps there is still some intelligence left in Polly’s empty (or stupid ) mind. Perhaps I could develop the little intelligence still existing in Polly’s mind. One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful.

55. Words and Expressions Para 115: There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. Para 123: … kept hammering away without let-up. … I saw a chink of light. And then the chink got bigger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright. Para 124: Five grueling nights this took, but it was worth it. I had made a logician out of Polly;… She was a fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled children. cretin: a person suffering from cretinism; a stupid person. hammer away (at): keep emphasizing or talking about let-up: a slackening or lessening, as of effort; a stop or pause. chink: a narrow opening; crack; fissure; slit. grueling: extremely tiring; exhausting well-heeled: (slang) rich, prosperous

56. Para 115: synecdoche, material for the thing made. There is a limit to that any human being can bear. Para 123: Over and over again I gave examples and pointed out mistakes in her thinking. I kept emphasizing all this without stopping. A simile, comparing his teaching to the hard work of digging a tunnel. The comparison is kept up and developed through the rest of the paragraph. Para 124: This teaching took five extremely trying (exhausting) nights, but it was worth all this trouble. I had made Polly into a logician. Polly was good enough for me.

57. the simile. Teaching Polly the course in logic Working in a dark tunnel What are the similarities between them? Work, sweat, darkness Pounded, clawed and scraped A chink of light-chink got bigger- sun pouring in-all was bright

58. American Colloquialism and Slang (1) nothing upstairs (slang): (2) pin-up (colloquialism): (3) keen (slang): (4) kid (colloquialism): (5) go steady (colloquialism): (6) casual kick (colloquialism or slang): empty-headed; the corresponding British slang is “unfurnished in the upper storey”. designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls good, fine, excellent a young person to date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively an occasional pleasure; not a serious commitment

59. Part VI (paras. 126-154): the last date Will you go steady with me? I will not. How did Polly reject him?

60. American colloquialism and slang a. knock out (slang): b. Yummy (colloquialism): c. how cute (slang): d. dreamy (slang): e. fire away (colloquialism): 1.very tasty; delectable 2.to elicit enthusiasm or an emotional response, especially deep sympathy of laughter 3. a general term of approval, excellent, wonderful, delightful, etc. 4. how clever 5. begin, start, come on Please match them!

61. American colloquialism and slang 1. rat (slang): 2. knot-head (slang): 3. jitterburg (slang): A. a jittery, emotionally unstable person B. a ‘despicable or contemptible person C. an incompetent or stupid person

62. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (Para 5) Suggest; propose The complete lack of some positive character Sound thought I believe following passing crazes shows a complete lack of sound judgment. Fad stresses the impulsive enthusiasm with which a fashion is taken up for a short time. Fashion is the prevailing custom in dress, manners, speech, etc. of a particular place or time.

63. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason. (Para 23) metonymy Heart-Feelings and emotions Head-Reason and good sense She was beautiful and attractive enough to arouse the desires and passions of men, but I would not let feelings or emotions get the upper hand of reason or good sense. I wanted Polly entirely for a carefully thought out reason. requiring the use of the intellect

64. If you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (Para 34) Metaphor? Comparing the competing for friendship to an athletic event. not considered as involved in a situation An area where games are held If you’re no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete for her friendship.

65. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning. (Para 50) His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked, his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away Polly became weaker.

66. Distinguish the following words 1. (of the feelings) intense, strong, deep( 感情）热烈的，强烈的，深刻的 a keen desire, interst, sense of loss 强烈的愿望、兴趣、失落感 keen 3. (of the mind) quick to understand （头脑）敏捷的，精明的 ~ intelligence 敏捷的智力 He exercised keen judgment to rescue the drowning. 他当机立断，救出了那个溺水儿童 2. （ of the sense) highly developed.( 感觉） 灵敏的，很强的理解力 ~ sight 敏锐的视力 Dogs have keen sense of smell.

67. Part II (60-61): the 1st date The result of the 1st datePolly’s language Disheartening. He found out how dumb she really was. Polly was more ignorant than he had expected. The narrator realized that he had to make a great effort to make Polly smart enough to be his wife. exclamatory words like “Gee, Oo, wow-dow” and clipped vulgar forms like “delish, marvy, sensaysh”, etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the language of the narrator, thus increasing the force of satire and irony.

68. What is the level of speech in Para. 61? What purpose does it serve? The language in this paragraph is more formal. The narrator felt depressed after the first date with Polly. To bring this feeling out, and to create a humorous effect, the writer uses formal phrases such as “with a heavy heart”, “gravely underestimated the size of the task”, “lack of information”, “a project of no small dimensions, etc.

69. Key Sentence This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. (Para 61) great To teach her to think appeared to be a very big task, and at first I even thought of giving her back to Petey.  litotes --- A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite, as in: This is no small problem. 曲言法, 间接表达法, 反 语法 ( 以反面的否定代替肯定的 词格, 如 :no easy 代替 very difficult, not bad 代替 very good 等 ) Appear/ to come into sight without clear form

70. Why did the narrator teach Polly logic? The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as lawyer. Polly was pretty, but the problem with her was that she did not know how to think, so he decided to teach her logic, the science of thinking.

71. Key Sentence There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. (para. 115) Synecdoche, human being There is a limit to what any human being can bear. a. 部分和全体互代； b. 以材料代替事物； c. 抽象和具体互代； d. 以个体代替整个类。

72. Part V (paras 124-125) What a role does the narrator think a wife should play? Did the narrator love Polly? How did he try to acquaint her with this feeling? First she should be a proper hostess of a rich man who owns many mansions. In other words she should be good at entertaining his rich friends and clients and thus further his career. Second, she should be a good mother and properly look after his rich and prosperous children. The narrator claimed that he loved Polly. Just as Pygmalion love the perfect woman he had fashioned, the narrator now loved Polly as his creation. Now he was ready to propose for marriage.

73. Pay attention to the change of his emotions: 1. favoring her with a smile 2. chuckled with amusement 3. chuckled with somewhat less amusement 4. forcing a smile/ ground my teeth 5. croaked, dashed perspiration from my brow 6. bellowing like a bull

74. Expressions Summary

75. nothing upstairs : empty-headed ； a nitwit 没头脑的，愚笨的 in the swimming : conforming to the current fashion 赶时髦 e.g. She is always involved in the swim ． 她总是追求时髦。 get one’s hands on : to obtain sth ．得到，获得 They all want to get their hands on my money ． 他们都觊觎我的钱。 go steady : to date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively ． be sweethearts 约会，成为关系确定的情侣 e.g. When did you go steady with her? 你和她是什么时候确定恋爱关系的 ?

76. out of the picture : not considered as involved in a situation E.g “Is Pam still with Eric?” “No ， he’s out of the picture.” “ 帕姆还在跟埃里克在一起吗 ?”“ 没有，他们已经互不相干了。 ” get at : seem to be saying sth ． that other people do not completely understand 暗示 What exactly are you getting at? 你到底在暗示什么 ? have…at one’s finger tips : to be completely familiar with ；精通 We have all the facts and figures at our fingers ． 我们已经掌握了所有的事实和数字。 go far : to accomplish much ： achieve much success 成功，大有前途 Ginny’s a smart girl ． and I’m sure she’d go far ． 吉尼是个聪明的姑娘，我相信她会成功的。

77. knock out : to elicit enthusiasm or an emotional response esp ． deep sympathy or laughter 使高兴，使情 绪激动 e.g. The music was just brilliant it really knocked me out ． 这音乐太美妙了 —— 它真让我激动。 fire away : begin; start; esp. to talk or ask questions 开始谈话或提问 “I have some question.” “Fire away.”“ 我有问 题。 ”“ 请问。 ” hammer away (at) : to keep emphasizing or talking about 一再强调 He kept hammering away at his demand for a public inquiry ． 他一再强调需要进行公众调查。

78. Language Features American colloquialism and slang A fast pace A whole variety of writing techniques A large lexical spectrum figurative language inversion short sentences elliptical sentences dashes

79. The chief attraction of the text The title The author’s note The contrast The ending of the story The clever choice of the names The raccoon coat which the narrator despises and gives it to his roommate for the exchange of his girl friend has finally become the rootcause of his losing his girl friend. Petey Espy Pity I spy "love" is an error, a deception and an emotion that does not follow the principles of logic. humor a piece of light, humorous satire "spongy", "limp", "flaccid" are specific characteristics of his essay. He is joking, which indicates that the whole story is humorous. the law student & the girl & Petey