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Organizing Data and Information AD660 – Databases, Security, and Web Technologies Marcus Goncalves Spring 2013
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Introduction Database: an organized collection of data Database management system (DBMS): group of programs to manage database –Manipulates database –Provides an interface between database and the user of the database and other application programs Database administrator (DBA): skilled IS professional who directs all activities related to an organization’s database
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Data Management Without data and the ability to process it, an organization could not successfully complete most business activities Data consists of raw facts For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way
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The Hierarchy of Data Bit (a binary digit): a circuit that is either on or off Byte: eight bits Character: basic building block of information –Each byte represents a character –Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, numeric digit, or special symbol Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity
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The Hierarchy of Data (continued) Record: a collection of related data fields File: a collection of related records Database: a collection of integrated and related files Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases
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The Hierarchy of Data (continued)
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Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys Entity: a generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained Attribute: characteristic of an entity Data item: value of an attribute Key: field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record Primary key: field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
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Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)
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The Database Approach Traditional approach to database management: separate data files are created for each application –Results in data redundancy (duplication) –Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity Database approach to database management: pool of related data is shared by multiple applications –Significant advantages over traditional approach
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The Database Approach (continued)
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Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model When building a database, consider: –Content: What data should be collected, at what cost? –Access: What data should be provided to which users and when? –Logical structure: How should data be arranged to make sense to a given user? –Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?
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Data Modeling (continued) An Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram for a Customer Order Database
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The Relational Database Model Relational model: all data elements are placed in two- dimensional tables (relations), which are the logical equivalent of files In the relational model –Each row of a table represents a data entity –Columns of the table represent attributes –Domain: the allowable values for data attributes
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The Relational Database Model (continued) A Relational Database Model
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Manipulating Data Selecting: eliminates rows according to criteria Projecting: eliminates columns in a table Joining: combines two or more tables Linking: relates or links two or more tables using common data attributes
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Manipulating Data (continued) Linking Data Tables to Answer an Inquiry
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Database Management Systems (DBMS) Interface between: –Database and application programs –Database and the user Creating and implementing the right database system ensures that the database will support both business activities and goals DBMS: a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user
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Overview of Database Types Flat file –Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another Single user –Only one person can use the database at a time –Examples: Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath Multiple user –Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time –Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM
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Creating and Modifying the Database (continued) Figure 3.10: Using a Data Definition Language to Define a Schema
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Storing and Retrieving Data
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Database Administration Database administrator (DBA): directs or performs all activities to maintain a database environment –Designing, implementing, and maintaining the database system and the DBMS –Establishing policies and procedures –Employee training
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Popular Database Management Systems Popular DBMSs for end users: Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro Entire market includes databases by IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL Many traditional database programs are now available on open-source operating systems
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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining Data warehouse: collects business information from many sources in the enterprise Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse Data mining: an information-analysis tool for discovering patterns and relationships in a data warehouse or a data mart
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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued) Elements of a Data Warehouse
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Business Intelligence Business intelligence (BI): gathering the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business –Turns data into useful information that is then distributed throughout an enterprise
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Business Intelligence (continued) Competitive intelligence: aspect of business intelligence limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations Counterintelligence: steps an organization takes to protect information sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers
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Distributed Databases Distributed database –Data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices –Corporations get more flexibility in how databases are organized and used Replicated database –Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data
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