1. Chapter 23 Setting the Stage for Revolution: Absolute Monarchies

2. The Consolidation of Sovereign States Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556) attempts to revive Holy Roman Empire as strong center of Europe Through marriage, political alliances Ultimately fails Protestant Reformation provides cover for local princes to assert greater independence Foreign opposition from France, Ottoman empire Charles V abdicates to monastery in Spain

3. Sixteenth Century Europe Controlled by Hapsburg family

4. Religious Wars in Europe 16 th – 17 th Centuries Protestants and Roman Catholics fight in France (1562-1598) 1588 Philip II of Spain attacks England to force return to Catholicism English destroy Spanish ships by sending flaming unmanned ships into the fleet Netherlands rebel against Spain, gain independence by 1610

5. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Holy Roman emperor attempts to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholic church All of Europe becomes involved in conflict Principal battleground: Germany Political, economic issues involved Approximately one-third of German population destroyed

6. This sets the stage for major changes in Europe

7. Terms to Know 1. Divine Right: Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. 2. Absolute Monarch: Ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs. 3. Constitutional States: The ruler’s power is limited by a legislative body, like a Parliament.

8. European Countries Involved SpainSpain FranceFrance EnglandEngland Austria & PrussiaAustria & Prussia RussiaRussia

9. Spain – Philip II Ruled 1556-1598 Became the ruler of Spain after his father, Charles V vacated the throne. He ruled as an Absolute Monarch. Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic church Married Mary I of England (yes, Bloody Mary) – returned England to Catholicism

10. Spain – Philip II Ruled 1556-1598 English Sea Dogs began looting Spanish ships. He responded by sailing his Spanish Armada into the English Channel to battle the English fleet & return England to Roman Catholicism. He lost most of the Armada to the smaller, quicker English ships. Spanish power declined due to costly wars, neglect of farming, and heavy taxes on the middle class.

11. France – Louis XIV Ruled 1643 - 1715  August 24, 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – French Huguenots (Protestants) and Catholics began fighting at a royal wedding.  3000 Huguenots were killed.  This symbolized the breakdown of order in France.  Louis XIV inherited throne at age 5! Cardinal Mazarin helped him until he was 23.  He ruled as an Absolute Monarch.

12. France – Louis XIV Ruled 1643 - 1715  Called himself the Sun KingSun King  Believed in divine right. “L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the state.  Made French army the strongest in Europe  France was the wealthiest country in Europe under Louis XIV  Louis XIV spent huge amounts of money  Built Versailles.

13. France – Louis XIV Versailles  Expanded from a hunting lodge in 1669.  Became the symbol to European monarchs of the wealth and power of the king of France.  Seat of French government for nearly over 100 years.  Its upkeep consumed as much as 25% of the income of France.

14. Versailles

15. Versailles Hall of Mirrors

16. England – James I (1603 – 1625) James VI of Scotland Became James I of England when Elizabeth I died. Believed in Divine Right of Kings. “Kings are called gods because they sit upon God’s throne on earth.” Ran up a huge debt in England. Had Bible translated from Latin into English

17. England – Charles I 1625 - 1649 Absolute monarch - had no problem with putting his enemies in prison without trial Ran up a huge debt Parliament forced him to sign the “Petition of Right” which prohibited the King from raising taxes without Parliament’s permission. Dissolved Parliament in 1629

18. England – Charles I 1625 - 1649 He recalled Parliament in 1640 to get funds to fight Scotland. Parliament tried and executed some of the King’s officials, he sent troops to assassinate some members of Parliament. Touched off a massive English Civil War between supporters of Charles and supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell. English Civil War

19. England – Charles I 1625 - 1649 Roundheads were supporters of Parliament during the war. Cavaliers were supporters of the King during the war. Oliver Cromwell led the Parliamentary forces to victory over the King and became the new leader of England. England’s government called a “Commonwealth.” Charles I beheaded in 1649.

20. England – Oliver Cromwell 1649 - 1658 Lord Protector – England Ruled through the army Exiled Catholics to Ireland Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gambling Religious freedom for everyone else When Cromwell died, Restoration began.

21. England – Charles II The Restoration 1660 - 1685 Popular ruler, he was “charming.” Bowed to the wishes of Parliament (Petition of Right) Restored the Church of England, practiced tolerance of religions. Stabilized government

22. England – James II 1685 - 1688 Brother of Charles II Absolute Ruler, openly Catholic Antagonized Parliament Parliament invited James’ daughter, Mary, and her Dutch protestant husband William of Orange to throne. Forced from throne in what came to be called the Glorious Revolution.

23. England – William and Mary English Bill of Rights 1689 William and Mary were given the throne after the English Bill of Rights was passed.William and Mary English Bill of Rights Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy. Parliament had to meet on a regular basis Monarchy could neither make nor suspend laws Trial by jury reinstated. Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment. Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws.“writ of habeas corpus” Laid groundwork for American system of laws.

24. Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 (page 525)  1640: Holy Roman Empire has broken down into several Prussian (German) principalities.  Electors from the 7 major German states elect the Holy Roman emperor. Many other German states no longer recognize the power of the Holy Roman emperor.  1641: Ferdinand of Bohemia (Hapsburg king) elected emperor. He is Anti – Protestant. Tried to return Prussia (Germany) to Catholicism. Spain, Poland supported Ferdinand. Protestant countries – Sweden, Netherlands – sent troops into Prussia to protect Protestants. France comes in on side of Sweden to protect Alsace from Prussian control.

25. Peace of Westphalia  This ended the Thirty Years’ War  Signed in 1648. France is clear winner, gains territory from Spain and Prussia, including Alsace. Prussia remains fragmented and Hapsburgs lose much power.  Didn’t end all fighting, but set up “Balance of Power” system in Europe.

27. Russia – Peter the Great Ruled 1682-1725 Inherited throne at age 10, took over at age 17. Studied Western technology. Worked in a shipyard Goal was to westernize Russia. Absolute Monarch: Forced powerful boyars to bow to his will. Built modern Western city for Russian capital – St. Petersburg. Extended Russian territory – to Pacific Ocean. 1700: Fought Sweden for control of Baltic. Gained several Baltic ports

28. Austria – Maria Theresa ruled 1740 - 1780  Absolute monarch of Austria Absolute monarch of Austria  Fought Frederick II of Prussia for control of Hungary and Silesia  Reorganized the government  Eased tax burden on her people  Gave more rights to her subjects  Gave birth to 16 children while in power

29. Prussia – Frederick II Ruled 1740-1786  Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany) Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany)  Attacked Austria, sparking the War of Austrian Succession  Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, into one nation

30. The Philosopher Behind the Age Thomas Hobbes 1660 – Wrote the Leviathan (Giant) Discussed the perfect government People first lived in anarchy Needed a “social contract” Required an absolute monarch to maintain order People retained the right only to maintain their lives.

31. The Philosophy Advances John Locke 1690 People first lived in anarchy Needed a “social contract” People gave up only SOME of their individual rights. Kept the right to: - Live - Enjoy Liberty - Own Property Rulers who violated these rights broke the social contract and could be overthrown.

32. Looking ahead By mid 1700’s, 4 of the 5 major powers of Europe had Absolute Monarchs. These 5 nations often fought with each other. At the same time, new ideas about representative governments were growing. Radical changes would soon shatter the French monarchy and revolutionize European societies.