1. Latin America

3. New Ideas in Europe 16 th -18 th centuries

4. Causes of Latin American Revolutions 1. Enlightenment Ideas NATURAL LAWS govern natural science and human society. Give people rights  life, liberty, property! Make fair societies based on reason possible. Challenged the theory of “Divine Right” monarchy.

5. 2. Creole Discontent –Person of European descent born in the West Indies or Latin America –Left out of government jobs and trade concessions

6. 3. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions Declaration of Independence--1776 Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen--1789

7. 4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

8. Napoleon on the March Provides a model & a diversion!

9. Napoleon’s Role Attacked Portugal and Spain Toppled their rulers Weakened their control of the Colonies –Spanish king is imprisoned by Napoleon in 1808 Revolts led by the Creole elite-- landowners

10. Latin American Revolutions!

11. Question of Slavery In France Friends of Blacks club advocated abolition of slavery Abolished in France September 1791 Opposed by French plantation owners in West Indies National Convention February 4, 1794 abolishes slavery in colonies

12. Toussaint L’Ouverture 1791 Leader of revolt with over 100,000 followers After 10 years he gained control of island, issued constitution and became the effective ruler of Saint Domingue Napoleon sends LeClerc who captures L’Ouverture, chains him and takes him to France

13. Independence declared in Haiti (1804) Former French Sugar Colony the first Independent State in Latin America

14. Vodoun [Voodoo] A religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries (especially Haiti) Involves witchcraft and animistic deities

15. Slave Revolt Who’s POV?

16. Spain and Portugal Suppress Revolts Aided by Creoles and Mazombos [American born direct descendants of Portuguese settlers] Saw themselves linked more closely with Spain and Portugal’s rulers Feared rebellion more than their desire for independence

17. Question of Slavery Britain abolishes slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 fearing slave revolts US prohibits trade with Haiti and ends international slave trade in 1808 Slavery itself is abolished in Britain in 1833 and in the US in 1863

18. What helps to end slavery?? Slave population outnumbers slave owners Immoral Philosophes Adam Smith

19. Consequences for the end of slavery Workers imported from China and India

20. 1810 Mexico Revolts Leaders Father Miguel Hidalgo Father Jose Morales– a mestizo Morales’ Goals displace Spanish and Creole elites abolish slavery revoke special privileges of church Parish priest led peasant rebellion

21. Mexico’s Path 1821 independence 1823 Republic declared Unstable for decades 1836 Mexican American War— –Texas declares independence

22. Brazil When Napoleon captured Portugal the royal family escaped to Brazil establishing their rule for the next 13 years. King raised legal status of Brazilians to that of Portuguese Expanded Rio de Janeiro as center of trade, administration, education and culture Independence 1822 with help of Prince Pedro

23. Simon Bolivar Venezuela Wealthy Creole officer Educated in Europe with enlightenment ideas Joined a growing class of merchants who resented Spanish and Portuguese domination of trade United into new nation—Gran Columbia [Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela]

24. The “Muscle” of the Revolution Bolivar coming from the North. José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

26. Bolivar’s Accomplishment

27. Bolivar’s Failure  After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.  He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

29. Results of the Revolutions

30. 1. Brazil Freed from Portugal  The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.  Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.  Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

31. 2. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese Latin America  By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.

32. 3. No Unity!  Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:  Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.  By 1830s’ defeated attempts at unification.  geographic factors—mountain, the Amazon, etc.  cultural differences

33. 4. Independence Brought More Poverty  Wars disrupted trade.  Wars devastated cities and countryside.

34. 5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos  WHO WERE THEY?:  Mid-19c dictators  military authoritarianism.  Mostly wealthy Creole aristocrats.  Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people. BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights.  Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].  Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

35. What is the Message?

36. Additional Problems  Feuds among leaders.  Geographic barriers.  The social hierarchy continued from the past.  Conservatives favored the old social order.  Liberals wanted land reform.  Dependence on foreign nations for capital and for economic investments.

37. The Caribbean: an “American Lake”

38. “The Colossus of the North”  US dominated affairs in the Americas.  1823 – Monroe Doctrine.  US takes Texas  US gains independence for Cuba.  US built Panama Canal – “Yankee Imperialism.”

39. The Panama Canal

40. Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

41. Mexican Revolutionaries Madero, a liberal reformer, democratically elected in 1911, assassinated two years later by his general, Huerto Porfirio Diaz Faced with rebellion he resigns after holding power for almost 30 years

42. Pancho Villa Zapata Huerto sets up dictatorship Rebel leaders, Zapata and Villa, fight to improve lives of peasants Carranza, a rich landowner, defeats Zapata and Villa, becomes president of Mexico in 1917. A new constitution passes but reforms are slow Carranza

43. Post Revolution Latin America Loss of population, property, livestock because of war Boundary disputes with other new nations Poor transportation and communication making unity within nation difficult Little experience ruling as a republic Britain replaced Spain and Portugal as dominating the economy Exportation of raw materials while importing finished goods reducing industrial production in Latin America leading to more foreign domination of their economy Land remained basis of wealth, social prestige, political power throughout 19th century