1. 1 FORMATION SEMINAR III OUR DOCUMENTS 1

2. 2 LAW Overview History Canon Law SFO Constitutions and Statutes

3. 3 Associations in the Earliest Christian Centuries The earliest Christian centuries witnessed a wide variety of people getting together for a common purpose, such as collecting alms for poor churches. A fairly common reason to get together among the Christian laity in this early period was the organization of burial societies.

4. 4 4 th Century Associations At the beginning of the 4th century another group emerged and their purpose was to assist in the liturgical services, for the most part by the chanting of psalms and by participating in the various ecclesiastical processions. Both men and women were eligible for membership. They were subject to the supervision and direction of ecclesiastical authority.

5. 5 8 th & 9 th Centuries Development of Ecclesiastical Associations The chief factor in the development of ecclesiastical associations during the 8th and 9th centuries was the rapid expansion of western monasticism through the Benedictines. Kings, nobles, knights, men and women, rich and poor enrolled in these monastically sponsored associations in order to share in the prayers and spiritual works of the monks. The chief factor in the development of ecclesiastical associations during the 8th and 9th centuries was the rapid expansion of western monasticism through the Benedictines. Kings, nobles, knights, men and women, rich and poor enrolled in these monastically sponsored associations in order to share in the prayers and spiritual works of the monks.

6. 6 The ecclesiastical association of the 9th & 10th centuries The ecclesiastical association of the 9th & 10th centuries internal government internal government dependent on episcopal supervision dependent on episcopal supervision served religious and charitable purposes. served religious and charitable purposes.

7. 7 11 th Century Ecclesiastical Associations By the 11 th century the ecclesiatical societies spread throughout Italy. Men and women assembled together under ecclesiastical direction to promote devotion to the saints, ensure spiritual assistance, provide for the needs of the poor, visit and nurse the sick, pray in common for dead members, and have Masses offered for them. By the 11 th century the ecclesiatical societies spread throughout Italy. Men and women assembled together under ecclesiastical direction to promote devotion to the saints, ensure spiritual assistance, provide for the needs of the poor, visit and nurse the sick, pray in common for dead members, and have Masses offered for them.

8. 8 Many bishops found it necessary to remind the people that ecclesiastical societies could be only be established with the consent of the local ordinary. Many bishops found it necessary to remind the people that ecclesiastical societies could be only be established with the consent of the local ordinary. In Rome, Gregory IX (1227- 1241) issued a decree to the effect that no ecclesiastical association could be established in the city without the special permission of the Holy See. In Rome, Gregory IX (1227- 1241) issued a decree to the effect that no ecclesiastical association could be established in the city without the special permission of the Holy See.

9. 9 Enter St. Francis and St. Dominic in the Middle Ages 13 th century Countless numbers of people identified themselves with the Franciscan and Dominican spirit by adopting a religious rule of life specifically designed for the uncloistered masses.

10. 10 12 th & 13 th Centuries During the 12 th and 13 th centuries the confraternity took on the juridical form of a corporate body, possessing property and administering funds under ecclesiastical supervision.

11. 11 Right of the Church to oversee Ecclesiastical Associations Laws at this time asserted the right of the Church to establish associations and oversee the administration of their property insofar as they were ecclesiastical (church related) organizations. Laws at this time asserted the right of the Church to establish associations and oversee the administration of their property insofar as they were ecclesiastical (church related) organizations. The Church permitted the founders of these societies to formulate the norms/rules that guided their interior life and external activities. The Church permitted the founders of these societies to formulate the norms/rules that guided their interior life and external activities.

12. 12 These associations/confraternities had their own particular statutory laws, in which detailed provisions were made for: everything from the reception of communion to the management of funds. These associations/confraternities had their own particular statutory laws, in which detailed provisions were made for: everything from the reception of communion to the management of funds. Confraternities attached to the churches or convents of religious orders were often placed under their direct supervision and administration. Confraternities attached to the churches or convents of religious orders were often placed under their direct supervision and administration.

13. 13 The Council of Trent Bishops have a right to visitation of any and all kinds of associations and confraternities have a right to visitation of any and all kinds of associations and confraternities The ecclesiastical and lay administrators of confraternities must submit an annual financial report on the administration of the confraternity’s funds and the distribution of alms donated by the faithful. The ecclesiastical and lay administrators of confraternities must submit an annual financial report on the administration of the confraternity’s funds and the distribution of alms donated by the faithful.

14. 14 From the 13 th – 15 th centuries these ecclesiastical societies multiplied and many served the same purpose. From the 13 th – 15 th centuries these ecclesiastical societies multiplied and many served the same purpose.

15. 15 16 th Century – The Reformation As a result of the Reformation, and because of the great need for individual religious instruction, the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine was organized at this time with headquarters in Rome. As a result of the Reformation, and because of the great need for individual religious instruction, the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine was organized at this time with headquarters in Rome.

16. 16 17 th Century Ecclesiastical Associations Clement VIII issued the constitution Quaecumque. Quaecumque to standardize practices and correct abuses. Clement VIII issued the constitution Quaecumque. Quaecumque to standardize practices and correct abuses.

17. 17 Local Ordinary consent for the establishment of an ecclesiastical association consent for the establishment of an ecclesiastical association the examination, approval, and the correction of the statutes the examination, approval, and the correction of the statutes The administration of funds, the liturgical ceremonies, and the works of charity had already been subjected to his supervision by the Council of Trent. The administration of funds, the liturgical ceremonies, and the works of charity had already been subjected to his supervision by the Council of Trent.

18. 18 The 1917 Code classified the various types of ecclesiastical associations. It was also the first time that a lot of Church law was gathered into one place. The 1917 Code classified the various types of ecclesiastical associations. It was also the first time that a lot of Church law was gathered into one place.

19. 19 As a result of Vatican II, in 1983 a new Code of Canon Law came into effect. It did away with the 1917 Code of Canon Law. It updated and brought the Church’s laws into the current time. This is the Code that we now use. As a result of Vatican II, in 1983 a new Code of Canon Law came into effect. It did away with the 1917 Code of Canon Law. It updated and brought the Church’s laws into the current time. This is the Code that we now use.

20. 20 Canon Law

21. 21 What is Canon Law and Why is it Important? Every organization, whether secular or religious, requires its own laws and customs in order to maintain order. Within the Catholic Church the law is known as Canon Law. Every organization, whether secular or religious, requires its own laws and customs in order to maintain order. Within the Catholic Church the law is known as Canon Law.

22. 22 in order to maintain order. in order to maintain order. keep the Church focused on its mission to evangelize the nations and provided an environment in which the Church was more receptive to God’s plan. keep the Church focused on its mission to evangelize the nations and provided an environment in which the Church was more receptive to God’s plan.

23. 23 What are “Canons”? “Canon” comes from Greek meaning norm or measure. “Canons” are individual paragraphs of law that the Church interprets and applies to given situations. “Canon” comes from Greek meaning norm or measure. “Canons” are individual paragraphs of law that the Church interprets and applies to given situations.

24. 24 Different Kinds of Laws There are different types of law in the Church – A few examples: Liturgical Law Liturgical Law Sacramental Law Sacramental Law Ecumenical Law Ecumenical Law

25. 25 The Code of Canon Law contains 7 unique divisions known as books Book I General Norms, lays down the ground rules of the Church’s legal system Book I General Norms, lays down the ground rules of the Church’s legal system Book II The People of God, looks at who makes up the Church, structure, etc. Book II The People of God, looks at who makes up the Church, structure, etc. Book III The Teaching function of the Church, tells how we proclaim the gospel of Christ through teaching, books, universities, catechisms, Mother Angelica Book III The Teaching function of the Church, tells how we proclaim the gospel of Christ through teaching, books, universities, catechisms, Mother Angelica

26. 26 Book IV, The Sanctifying Function of the Church, deals with our sanctification by Christ in all of the 7 sacraments Book IV, The Sanctifying Function of the Church, deals with our sanctification by Christ in all of the 7 sacraments Book V, Temporal Goods, gives guidance on how we are to deal with worldly goods : donations, Mass Stipends, Settlements, Selling property Book V, Temporal Goods, gives guidance on how we are to deal with worldly goods : donations, Mass Stipends, Settlements, Selling property Book VI, Penal Law, describes the Church’s responses to errant behaviors : clergy misconduct, “put a bad dog down” Book VI, Penal Law, describes the Church’s responses to errant behaviors : clergy misconduct, “put a bad dog down” Book VII, Procedural Law, explains the legal processes in the Church Book VII, Procedural Law, explains the legal processes in the Church

27. 27 Free to have associations Canon 215 The Christian faithful are free to found and to govern associations for charitable and religious purposes or for the promotion of the Christian vocation in the world Canon 215 The Christian faithful are free to found and to govern associations for charitable and religious purposes or for the promotion of the Christian vocation in the world are free to hold meetings to pursue these purposes in common. are free to hold meetings to pursue these purposes in common.

28. 28 Classification of Associations their relation to the Church's hierarchy - public and private; their relation to the Church's hierarchy - public and private; their geographical extension - international or universal, national, diocesan; their geographical extension - international or universal, national, diocesan; their membership - clerical, lay, mixed. their membership - clerical, lay, mixed.

29. 29 Definition: Associations of the Faithful Can 298 §1. associations distinct from religious life, in which the Christian faithful, either clergy or laity, or clergy and laity together Can 298 §1. associations distinct from religious life, in which the Christian faithful, either clergy or laity, or clergy and laity together strive by common effort to promote a more perfect life or to foster public worship or Christian doctrine or to exercise other apostolic works strive by common effort to promote a more perfect life or to foster public worship or Christian doctrine or to exercise other apostolic works to animate the temporal/secular order with the Christian spirit. to animate the temporal/secular order with the Christian spirit.

30. 30 What is a Juridic Person? Juridic personality is conferred upon groups of people or things ordered towards a purpose that goes along with the mission of the Church (c. 114 §1) Juridic personality is conferred upon groups of people or things ordered towards a purpose that goes along with the mission of the Church (c. 114 §1) recognized by the Church. recognized by the Church. subject to rights and obligations, (c. 113 §1) subject to rights and obligations, (c. 113 §1) The equivalent in civil law is incorporation. The equivalent in civil law is incorporation.

31. 31 What is a public juridic person? group of people or things group of people or things established by a competent ecclesiastical authority established by a competent ecclesiastical authority given a mission given a mission statutes and constitutions have been approved by this same ecclesiastical authority. (cc. 313, 116, 117, 301 §3) statutes and constitutions have been approved by this same ecclesiastical authority. (cc. 313, 116, 117, 301 §3)

32. 32 General Constitutions, Art. 29.1 Local fraternities are grouped into fraternities at various levels: regional, national and international according to criteria that are ecclesial, territorial, or of another nature. They are coordinated and connected according to the norm of the Rule and the Constitutions. This is a requirement of the communion among the fraternities, of the orderly collaboration among them, and of the unity of the SFO. Local fraternities are grouped into fraternities at various levels: regional, national and international according to criteria that are ecclesial, territorial, or of another nature. They are coordinated and connected according to the norm of the Rule and the Constitutions. This is a requirement of the communion among the fraternities, of the orderly collaboration among them, and of the unity of the SFO.

33. 33 General Constitutions, Art. 29.2 Rule 20 These fraternities, that each have their own juridical personality in the Church, should acquire, if possible, a civil juridical personality for the better fulfillment of their mission… Rule 20 These fraternities, that each have their own juridical personality in the Church, should acquire, if possible, a civil juridical personality for the better fulfillment of their mission…

34. 34 What is a private association? The difference between public and private is that the public association’s constitutions and statutes are approved by an ecclesiastical authority and a private one’s are not. (cc. 298, 301) The difference between public and private is that the public association’s constitutions and statutes are approved by an ecclesiastical authority and a private one’s are not. (cc. 298, 301)

35. 35 SFO a tax exempt organization – federal income tax SFO a tax exempt organization – federal income tax Included in group ruling of the Catholic Church Included in group ruling of the Catholic Church Donations deductible Donations deductible Mileage deductible Mileage deductible No relationship to state tax requirements No relationship to state tax requirements Does not exempt fraternities from other taxes (sales, use, etc.) Does not exempt fraternities from other taxes (sales, use, etc.)

36. 36 Who has the Right to Establish Associations? Can 301 §1. Competent ecclesiastical authority alone when you are doing something in the name of the Church Can 301 §1. Competent ecclesiastical authority alone when you are doing something in the name of the Church

37. 37 Who is the competent ecclesaistical authority that has the right to establish associations? Can 312 §1. The authority competent to establish public associations is: Can 312 §1. The authority competent to establish public associations is: (1) Holy See for universal and international associations (1) Holy See for universal and international associations (2) Conference of bishops in its own territory for national associations (2) Conference of bishops in its own territory for national associations (3) Diocesan bishop in his own territory for diocesan associations (3) Diocesan bishop in his own territory for diocesan associations

38. 38 “Catholic” in Title Can 300. No association shall assume the name "Catholic" without the consent of competent ecclesiastical authority, in accord with the norm of can. 312. Can 300. No association shall assume the name "Catholic" without the consent of competent ecclesiastical authority, in accord with the norm of can. 312. Specific approval to use the name Catholic is not required for associations that have been established as public juridic persons or as private juridic persons Specific approval to use the name Catholic is not required for associations that have been established as public juridic persons or as private juridic persons

39. 39 Third Orders Can 303. members lead an apostolic life Can 303. members lead an apostolic life strive for Christian perfection while living in the world strive for Christian perfection while living in the world share the spirit of some religious institute under the higher direction of that same institute share the spirit of some religious institute under the higher direction of that same institute (GC Art. 85.1) (GC Art. 85.1)

40. 40 General Constitutions, Art. 85.2 The spiritual and pastoral care of the SFO, entrusted by the Church to the Franciscan First Order and the TOR, is the duty, above all, of their general and provincial ministers. The altius moderamen, of which Canon 303 speaks, belongs to them. The purpose of the altius moderamen is to guarantee the fidelity of the SFO to the Franciscan charism, communion with the Church and union with the Franciscan family, values which represent a vital commitment for the Secular Franciscans. The spiritual and pastoral care of the SFO, entrusted by the Church to the Franciscan First Order and the TOR, is the duty, above all, of their general and provincial ministers. The altius moderamen, of which Canon 303 speaks, belongs to them. The purpose of the altius moderamen is to guarantee the fidelity of the SFO to the Franciscan charism, communion with the Church and union with the Franciscan family, values which represent a vital commitment for the Secular Franciscans.

41. 41 Statutes for Spiritual Assistance Art. 8.1 The General Ministers  The general Ministers exercise collegially the altius moderamen and the pastoral assistance in regard to the SFO as a whole [1]. [1] [1] SFO Const 87.1 [1]

42. 42 Third Orders Third orders Secular - members in the world. Third orders Secular - members in the world.

43. 43 The Third Order Regular (TOR) evolved out of the Seculars, men and women who wanted to live together in a community life. Eventually their rule evolved from the SFO rule and is different from it and the rule of the first orders. The Third Order Regular (TOR) evolved out of the Seculars, men and women who wanted to live together in a community life. Eventually their rule evolved from the SFO rule and is different from it and the rule of the first orders.

44. 44 Necessity of Statutes Can 304 §1. All associations of the Christian faithful, whether public or private, by whatever title or name they are called, are to have their own statutes… Can 304 §1. All associations of the Christian faithful, whether public or private, by whatever title or name they are called, are to have their own statutes…

45. 45 Approval of Statutes Canon 314 The statutes of any public association as well as their revision or change require the approval of the ecclesiastical authority which is competent to establish the association in accord with can. 312,§1. Canon 314 The statutes of any public association as well as their revision or change require the approval of the ecclesiastical authority which is competent to establish the association in accord with can. 312,§1.

46. 46 Vigilance and Accountability Can 305 §1. All associations of the Christian faithful are subject to the vigilance of competent ecclesiastical authority… Can 305 §1. All associations of the Christian faithful are subject to the vigilance of competent ecclesiastical authority…

47. 47 Can 305 §2. Associations of any kind whatever are subject to the vigilance of the Holy See; diocesan associations and also other associations to the extent that they work in the diocese are subject to the vigilance of the local ordinary.

48. 48 General Constitutions, article 101.1-2 The Secular Franciscans should collaborate with the bishops and follow their directions… [1] The Secular Franciscans should collaborate with the bishops and follow their directions… [1] [1] The fraternities are subject to the vigilance of the Ordinary in so far as they perform their activities within the local Churches. [2] The fraternities are subject to the vigilance of the Ordinary in so far as they perform their activities within the local Churches. [2] [2] [1] See Can. 394; 756; 775 ss. [2] See Can. 305; 392. [1] See Can. 394; 756; 775 ss. [2] See Can. 305; 392. [1][2] [1][2]

49. 49 Benefits Can 306. In order for a person to enjoy the rights and privileges, indulgences and other spiritual favors granted to the association, he or she has to have been validly received into it and not legitimately dismissed… Can 306. In order for a person to enjoy the rights and privileges, indulgences and other spiritual favors granted to the association, he or she has to have been validly received into it and not legitimately dismissed…

50. 50Membership Can 307 §1. The reception of members is to be done in accord with the norm of law and the statutes of each association. Can 307 §1. The reception of members is to be done in accord with the norm of law and the statutes of each association. §2. The same person can be enrolled in several associations. §2. The same person can be enrolled in several associations. §3. Members of religious institutes can enroll in associations in accord with their own law with the consent of their superior. §3. Members of religious institutes can enroll in associations in accord with their own law with the consent of their superior.

51. 51 Dismissal Canon 308 No one who has been legitimately enrolled may be dismissed from an association except for a just cause in accord with the norm of law and the statutes.

52. 52 Rights and Obligations of the Juridic Person Canon 309 Legitimately constituted associations have the right Canon 309 Legitimately constituted associations have the right to issue particular norms respecting the association itself to issue particular norms respecting the association itself to hold meetings to hold meetings to designate moderators, officials, other officers to designate moderators, officials, other officers administer goods. administer goods.

53. 53 Canon 315 Public associations on their own initiative can begin undertakings in keeping with their character, and they can direct them in accord with their statutes, but under the further direction of the ecclesiastical authority mentioned in c. 312, §1. Canon 315 Public associations on their own initiative can begin undertakings in keeping with their character, and they can direct them in accord with their statutes, but under the further direction of the ecclesiastical authority mentioned in c. 312, §1.

54. 54 Property of a Juridic Person Canon 319 §1. Each year you must give an account of the administration of the goods you own to the ecclesiastical authority mentioned in c. 312, §1. Canon 319 §1. Each year you must give an account of the administration of the goods you own to the ecclesiastical authority mentioned in c. 312, §1. §2. Each year you must give a financial accounting to the same ecclesiastical authority. §2. Each year you must give a financial accounting to the same ecclesiastical authority.

55. 55 Who can suppress? Canon 320 §1 §2. The person who established the association is the only one who can suppress it. Canon 320 §1 §2. The person who established the association is the only one who can suppress it. §3. A public association is not to be suppressed by competent authority without having heard its moderator and other major officials. §3. A public association is not to be suppressed by competent authority without having heard its moderator and other major officials.

56. 56 Cooperation with other Associations Canon 328 Those who preside over associations of the laity, even those associations erected in virtue of an apostolic privilege, are to see to it that they cooperate with other associations of the Christian faithful, where it is expedient, and willingly assist the various Christian works especially those in the same territory. Canon 328 Those who preside over associations of the laity, even those associations erected in virtue of an apostolic privilege, are to see to it that they cooperate with other associations of the Christian faithful, where it is expedient, and willingly assist the various Christian works especially those in the same territory.

57. 57 Canon 329 Moderators of associations of the laity are to see to it that the members of the association are duly formed for the exercise of the apostolate which is proper to the laity. Canon 329 Moderators of associations of the laity are to see to it that the members of the association are duly formed for the exercise of the apostolate which is proper to the laity.

58. 58 Subsidiarity Subsidiarity: This is the principal that says that the higher authority should not do whatever can be done by the lower authority. Subsidiarity: This is the principal that says that the higher authority should not do whatever can be done by the lower authority.

59. 59 The Law is Pastoral The last canon of the “Code of Canon Law” is amongst the most important canons. Canon 1752 states that everything should be done “keeping in mind the salvation of souls”.

60. 60 Section II Organization and Structure

61. 61 Canon Law Canon Law Our Documents Our Documents –Rule –General Constitutions –National Statutes –…–…–…–… Franciscan Life 61

62. 62 Order in the Church Rule, Article 2 Rule, Article 2 –Organic union of all Catholic fraternities –Led by the Spirit –Professed (pledged) to live a Gospel life in the manner of St Francis –Following this rule –Approved by the Church

63. 63 Organized into fraternities General Constitutions, articles 1.5 General Constitutions, articles 1.5 – The SFO is a public association in the Church. (c.303, 301 §3) – It is divided into fraternities at various levels: local, regional, national, and international. – Each one has its own juridical personality. (c.214) – Within the Church. (c.212) Establishing authority: the Holy See Establishing authority: the Holy See Written consent of the diocesan bishop Written consent of the diocesan bishop

64. 64 National Fraternity –GC 65.1 Organic union of the local fraternities … Organic union of the local fraternities … which are joined and coordinated among themselves which are joined and coordinated among themselves through regional fraternities … through regional fraternities … – GC 65.3 Animated and guided by a council and minister. Animated and guided by a council and minister. Governed by its own statutes. Governed by its own statutes. Has its own seat. Has its own seat.

65. 65 National Fraternity (NAFRA) –National Statutes, Article 1 1.1 National Fraternity of the SFO (NAFRA) Juridic person in the USA Juridic person in the USA Of local and regional fraternities Of local and regional fraternities 1.2 Animated and guided by elected council & minister [GC 65.3]

66. 66 National Fraternity (NAFRA) –National Statutes, Article 1 1.3 Follows: Code of Canon Law, and the following SFO documents: the Rule, the Rule, the General Constitutions, the General Constitutions, the Ritual, the Ritual, the International Statutes and the International Statutes and these National Statutes [GC, art 4]. these National Statutes [GC, art 4].

67. 67Elections  One Vote per person. [NS art 8.4- 5; c. 168]  Majority: Absolute & Relative (simple) [NS art 9.2; GC 78.1; c. 110]  Needed to elect. (c. 119)  Oldest by Profession [GC 78.1 ]  Questions not covered revert to the decision of the President/Presider of the Election. [NS 9.3]

68. 68 Elections [GC 76.1]  The elections at the various levels will take place according to the norms of the law of the Church and of the Constitutions. (c. 164)  c. 164: Unless the law has provided otherwise, the prescriptions of the following canons are to be observed in canonical elections.

69. 69  c. 168 …a person can cast only one vote.  c. 169 …only members of the group  c. 170 Impaired freedom invalidates the election  c. 171 Eligibility to vote  c. 172 Valid Vote:  Free,  secret, certain, absolute, determinate  No appended conditions.

70. 70 c. 149 §1 c. 149 §1 To be promoted to an ecclesiastical office, a person must be: To be promoted to an ecclesiastical office, a person must be: In the communion of the Church In the communion of the Church Suitable Suitable Endowed with those qualities/qualifications which are required for the office … Endowed with those qualities/qualifications which are required for the office …

71. 71 General Constitutions, Art. 76.2  The elective assembly, or chapter, will be presided over by the minister of the immediately higher level, or by his or her delegate, who confirms the election.

72. 72 General Constitutions, Art. 80  The particular statutes may include further directives concerning elections, as long as they are not contrary to the Constitutions.

73. 73 Vacancies Vacancies  Minister: Vice minister assumes office. [GC 81.1]  Vice minister: Elected by council from its members. [GC 81.2]  Councilor: Council will proceed to substitute for him or her in conformity with its own statutes. [GC 81.3]

74. 74Resignation  Minister: [GC83.1] During a chapter meeting: Accepted by the chapter. During a chapter meeting: Accepted by the chapter. Otherwise, accepted by the council and the minister of the higher level. Otherwise, accepted by the council and the minister of the higher level.  Other Officer: [GC 83.2] Presented and accepted by minister and council. Presented and accepted by minister and council.

75. 75 Removal (After fraternal dialog)  Minister: Council informs higher council. Higher council examines & takes secret vote. [GC 84.1]Council informs higher council. Higher council examines & takes secret vote. [GC 84.1] For a serious, public, and proved reason, the higher council … by a secret ballot, orders the removal of a minister of a lower level. [GC 84.2] For a serious, public, and proved reason, the higher council … by a secret ballot, orders the removal of a minister of a lower level. [GC 84.2]  Other Officers: Council votes (secret ballot). [GC 84.3]Council votes (secret ballot). [GC 84.3]

76. 76 Removal [GC 84.6] General Problems  Serious lack of concern or evidence of irregularities on the part of a minister or a council,  Council of the next higher level : Conducts a fraternal visitConducts a fraternal visit Eventually, requests a pastoral visit.Eventually, requests a pastoral visit. Evaluates and decides on the best way to proceed, not excluding the eventual removal of the council or leaders involved.Evaluates and decides on the best way to proceed, not excluding the eventual removal of the council or leaders involved.

77. 77 National Statutes, Art. 28 Provisions for National administration shall be used as a model for Elections, Conduct of business, … Composition and duties of the Fraternity Minister and the Fraternity Council, Replacement of officers And similar business of the fraternity At any level.

78. 78 Section III FRATERNAL LIFE

79. 79 Fraternity Life - National Statutes Articles #2, #3 and #4 of the General Constitutions concerning the nature of the vocation to the SFO apply. [NS 16.1] Articles #2, #3 and #4 of the General Constitutions concerning the nature of the vocation to the SFO apply. [NS 16.1] – Specific vocation to the SFO. Can’t belong to another order or institute. [GC 2.1] – Laity and secular clergy can belong. [GC 2.2]

80. 80 – Spirituality and apostolic life of SFO characterized by their secular state. [GC 3.1] – Laity help build up Kingdom of God. [GC 3.2; c. 225] – Vocation – to live the Gospel in fraternal communion (fraternities). [GC 3.3]

81. 81 Governed by universal law of the Church, and its own: Rule, Constitutions, Ritual, and particular statutes [GC 4.1] Governed by universal law of the Church, and its own: Rule, Constitutions, Ritual, and particular statutes [GC 4.1] Rule – gives nature, purpose, and spirit of SFO. [GC 4.2] Rule – gives nature, purpose, and spirit of SFO. [GC 4.2] Constitutions Constitutions – Apply the Rule, give conditions for belonging – for government and [GC 4.3] – organization

82. 82 FORM OF LIFE –G.C. arts. 8-11 Live the Gospel according to Franciscan spirituality. Live the Gospel according to Franciscan spirituality. Deepen the values and choices of the evangelical life according to the Rule. Deepen the values and choices of the evangelical life according to the Rule. Be open to the challenges that come from society and from the Church’s life situation. Be open to the challenges that come from society and from the Church’s life situation. Spirituality is plan of life centered on the person of Christ, rather than a “program.” Spirituality is plan of life centered on the person of Christ, rather than a “program.”

83. 83 Secular Franciscans must personally and assiduously study the Gospel and Sacred Scripture. Secular Franciscans must personally and assiduously study the Gospel and Sacred Scripture. Rule 10 “Christ, poor and crucified” is the “book” in which Franciscans learn to live the Gospel life. Rule 10 “Christ, poor and crucified” is the “book” in which Franciscans learn to live the Gospel life. They must live the Franciscan spirit of peace, rejecting every other way. They must live the Franciscan spirit of peace, rejecting every other way. Holy Spirit is source of vocations and animator of fraternal life and mission. Holy Spirit is source of vocations and animator of fraternal life and mission.

84. 84 Fraternity life - has vitality and sustaining force; exists at national, regional and local levels. [NS16.2] Fraternity life - has vitality and sustaining force; exists at national, regional and local levels. [NS16.2] Fraternities are subject to the vigilance of local bishop. [NS 16.3, Rule, art. #6] Fraternities are subject to the vigilance of local bishop. [NS 16.3, Rule, art. #6] External sign of SFO in U.S. – the TAU [NS 16.4] External sign of SFO in U.S. – the TAU [NS 16.4]

85. 85 Life in Fraternity - General Constitutions Fraternities originated with St. Francis. [1] [GC 28.1] Fraternities originated with St. Francis. [1] [GC 28.1] Co-responsibility of each member for life of the fraternity requires : [GC 30.1] Co-responsibility of each member for life of the fraternity requires : [GC 30.1] – Personal presence – Witness – Prayer – Active collaboration [GC 30.2] [1] See Constitutions 3.3, Testament 14

86. 86 FRATERNITY OFFICES Holding office in fraternity is a fraternal service. Holding office in fraternity is a fraternal service. – Available – Responsible – Convinced of the Franciscan evangelical way of life – Broad and encompassing vision – Open to dialogue – Ready to give and receive help [GC 31.2, 3]

87. 87 LEADERS – GC 31.4 Leaders’ responsibilities: Leaders’ responsibilities: – Spiritual and technical preparation and animation of meetings – Inspire life in fraternity by their own witness – Help develop life of fraternity – Promote collaboration among brothers and sisters

88. 88 – Live and foster spirit and reality of communion in fraternities – Cherish peace and reconciliation – Realize that leadership is temporary – Reject ambition, show love [Rule, art. 21] [Rule, art. 21]

89. 89 FRATERNAL and PASTORAL VISITS Purpose: Purpose: to revive the evangelical Franciscan spirit to revive the evangelical Franciscan spirit to assure fidelity to the charism and to the Rule to assure fidelity to the charism and to the Rule to offer help to fraternity life to offer help to fraternity life to reinforce the bond of the unity of the Order and to reinforce the bond of the unity of the Order and to promote its most effective insertion into the Franciscan family and the Church. [GC 92.1, Rule, art. 26] to promote its most effective insertion into the Franciscan family and the Church. [GC 92.1, Rule, art. 26]

90. 90 Responsibilities of visitors: Responsibilities of visitors: Initiate visitation when needed Initiate visitation when needed Verify fraternity’s Franciscan life Verify fraternity’s Franciscan life Examine records; audit required Examine records; audit required [NS 4.5, GC 53.3] Make fraternal corrections where needed [GC 93] Make fraternal corrections where needed [GC 93]

91. 91 Verify: the validity of formation; the validity of formation; relations with other fraternities and youth; relations with other fraternities and youth; Observance of directives and guidelines of the International Council and other councils; Observance of directives and guidelines of the International Council and other councils; Presence in the local Church; Presence in the local Church; Liturgical and prayer life. Liturgical and prayer life. [GC 94.2, 95.4]

92. 92 SPIRITUAL ASSISTANTS Spiritual Assistants to all fraternities are mandatory. [GC 89.1] Spiritual Assistants to all fraternities are mandatory. [GC 89.1] Provincials appoint Spiritual Assistants according to the GC and Statutes for Spiritual and Pastoral Assistance to the SFO. [GC 91.3] Spiritual Assistants must keep Provincials informed of life of SFO. [SSA art. 20.1] Provincials appoint Spiritual Assistants according to the GC and Statutes for Spiritual and Pastoral Assistance to the SFO. [GC 91.3] Spiritual Assistants must keep Provincials informed of life of SFO. [SSA art. 20.1]

93. 93 Secular Franciscans who serve as Spiritual Assistants subject to same rights and restrictions as Franciscan religious Spiritual Assistants. [NS 18.3; authority: GC 89.4] Secular Franciscans who serve as Spiritual Assistants subject to same rights and restrictions as Franciscan religious Spiritual Assistants. [NS 18.3; authority: GC 89.4] Primary job to communicate Franciscan spirituality and help in formation. [GC 90.1] Primary job to communicate Franciscan spirituality and help in formation. [GC 90.1] Can only hold position for 12 years. [SSA art. 15.3] Can only hold position for 12 years. [SSA art. 15.3]

94. 94 FORMATION Holy Spirit the principal agent of formation. [GC 37.2] Holy Spirit the principal agent of formation. [GC 37.2] Brothers and sisters are responsible for their own formation. [GC 37.3] Brothers and sisters are responsible for their own formation. [GC 37.3] Form to be used for formation is that found in the Guidelines for Initial Formation. [NS 19.5a] Form to be used for formation is that found in the Guidelines for Initial Formation. [NS 19.5a] Method to be interactive AND experiential. [NS 19.5b; GC 40.4] Method to be interactive AND experiential. [NS 19.5b; GC 40.4]

95. 95 Determination of means of formation belongs to national and regional councils. [GC 37.4] Determination of means of formation belongs to national and regional councils. [GC 37.4]

96. 96 Orientation a time for determining a person’s interest, eligibility and disposition to enter into the initial formation process. [NS 19.1a] Orientation a time for determining a person’s interest, eligibility and disposition to enter into the initial formation process. [NS 19.1a] Inquiry a “time of initiation”, a time for discernment of vocation. [GC 38.1, Rule, art. 23] Inquiry a “time of initiation”, a time for discernment of vocation. [GC 38.1, Rule, art. 23]

97. 97 Conditions for admission are: Conditions for admission are: profess the Catholic faith profess the Catholic faith live in communion with the Church live in communion with the Church be of good moral standing, and be of good moral standing, and show clear signs of a vocation show clear signs of a vocation [1] [1] [GC 39.1] [1] [1] See Can. 316. [1]

98. 98 After Rite of Admission “true” time of formation begins. [GC 38, 39] After Rite of Admission “true” time of formation begins. [GC 38, 39] Candidacy: Candidacy: Purpose – maturation of vocation Purpose – maturation of vocation Experience of evangelical life in fraternity Experience of evangelical life in fraternity Better knowledge of Order Better knowledge of Order [GC 40]

99. 99 Requires: Requires: Frequent meetings – with candidates of other fraternities where possible Frequent meetings – with candidates of other fraternities where possible Study – Sacred Scripture, writings of Francis, Franciscan spirituality, Rule, Constitutions Study – Sacred Scripture, writings of Francis, Franciscan spirituality, Rule, Constitutions Prayer Prayer Participation in local fraternity meetings mandatory and indispensable. [NS 19.2c; GC 40.3] Participation in local fraternity meetings mandatory and indispensable. [NS 19.2c; GC 40.3]

100. 100 Trained in love for Church and acceptance of her teachings Trained in love for Church and acceptance of her teachings Practice living their secular commitment in the world in an evangelical way Practice living their secular commitment in the world in an evangelical way

101. 101 FORMATION Rule 23 Having completed the time of initial formation, the candidate submits to the minister of the local fraternity a request to make his or her profession. Having heard the master of formation and the assistant, the fraternity council decides by secret ballot on the admission to profession, gives its reply to the candidate, and informs the fraternity. Rule 23 Having completed the time of initial formation, the candidate submits to the minister of the local fraternity a request to make his or her profession. Having heard the master of formation and the assistant, the fraternity council decides by secret ballot on the admission to profession, gives its reply to the candidate, and informs the fraternity. [G.C. 41.1]

102. 102 Requirements for profession: Requirements for profession: Age (min. of 21) [NS 19.3a; GC 41.2] Age (min. of 21) [NS 19.3a; GC 41.2] Active participation [GC 41.2] Active participation [GC 41.2] Consent of council – requires secret ballot [GC 41.1, 2] Consent of council – requires secret ballot [GC 41.1, 2] All sacraments, and an actively practicing Catholic [NS 19.2d] All sacraments, and an actively practicing Catholic [NS 19.2d] Time of formation can be extended 1 year. [GC 41.3] Time of formation can be extended 1 year. [GC 41.3]

103. 103 PROFESSION – G.C. article 42.1 Profession is the solemn ecclesial act by which the candidate, remembering the call received from Christ, renews the baptismal promises and publicly affirms his or her personal commitment to live the Gospel in the world according to the example of Francis and following the Rule of the SFO. Profession is the solemn ecclesial act by which the candidate, remembering the call received from Christ, renews the baptismal promises and publicly affirms his or her personal commitment to live the Gospel in the world according to the example of Francis and following the Rule of the SFO.

104. 104 PROFESSION –G.C. article 42.2 Rule 23 Profession incorporates the candidate into the Order and is by its nature a perpetual commitment. [1] Rule 23 Profession incorporates the candidate into the Order and is by its nature a perpetual commitment. [1] [1] [ 1] See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 18. [ 1] See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 18. [ 1] [ 1]

105. 105 PROFESSION, G.C. article 42.3 Profession is accepted by the minister of the local fraternity or by his or her delegate in the name of the Church and of the SFO. The rite is carried out according to the norms of the Ritual. [1] Profession is accepted by the minister of the local fraternity or by his or her delegate in the name of the Church and of the SFO. The rite is carried out according to the norms of the Ritual. [1] [1] [1]See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 13 ff.; Part I, Chapter II. [1]See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 13 ff.; Part I, Chapter II. [1]

106. 106 PROFESSION – G.C. article 42.4-5 4.Profession does not only commit those professed to the fraternity, but also, in the same way, it commits the fraternity to be concerned with their human and religious well-being. 4.Profession does not only commit those professed to the fraternity, but also, in the same way, it commits the fraternity to be concerned with their human and religious well-being. 5.The act of profession is registered and preserved in the records of the fraternity. 5.The act of profession is registered and preserved in the records of the fraternity. [1]See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 13 ff.; Part I, Chapter II. [1]See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 13 ff.; Part I, Chapter II. [1]

107. 107 Art. 19.4 Ongoing Formation Ongoing formation is the responsibility of all professed members consonant with article #44 of the General Constitutions.

108. 108 ONGOING FORMATION Begins at Profession Begins at Profession Continues for life Continues for life Responsibility of all professed members [NS 19.4] Responsibility of all professed members [NS 19.4] Accomplished by Accomplished by Courses Courses Gatherings and Gatherings and Sharing of experiences. [GC 44.3] Sharing of experiences. [GC 44.3]

109. 109 General Constitutions, Art. 44.1 Begun by the preceding stages, the formation of the brothers and sisters takes place in a permanent and continuous way. It should be understood as an aid in the conversion of each [1] and everyone and in the fulfillment of their proper mission in the Church and in society. Begun by the preceding stages, the formation of the brothers and sisters takes place in a permanent and continuous way. It should be understood as an aid in the conversion of each [1] and everyone and in the fulfillment of their proper mission in the Church and in society. [1] [ 1] [ 1] See Constitutions 8; 1 Celano 103. [ 1]

110. 110 1 Celano 103 [Francis] was afire with a very great desire to return to the first beginnings of humility… “Let us begin, brothers, to serve the Lord God, for up to now we have made little or no progress.” He did not consider that he had laid hold of his goal yet, and persevering untiringly in his purpose of attaining holy newness of life, he hoped always to make a beginning…. [Francis] was afire with a very great desire to return to the first beginnings of humility… “Let us begin, brothers, to serve the Lord God, for up to now we have made little or no progress.” He did not consider that he had laid hold of his goal yet, and persevering untiringly in his purpose of attaining holy newness of life, he hoped always to make a beginning….

111. 111 General Constitutions, Art. 44.2 The Fraternity has the duty to give special attention to the formation of the newly professed and of the temporarily professed, to help them become fully mature in their vocation and develop a true sense of belonging. The Fraternity has the duty to give special attention to the formation of the newly professed and of the temporarily professed, to help them become fully mature in their vocation and develop a true sense of belonging.

112. 112 PURPOSE OF ONGOING FORMATION Assists brothers and sisters: In listening to and meditating on Word of God [Rule 4] In listening to and meditating on Word of God [Rule 4] In reflecting on current events and taking consistent positions In reflecting on current events and taking consistent positions In discerning and deepening one’s Franciscan vocation In discerning and deepening one’s Franciscan vocation [GC 44.3]

113. 113 MEMBER STATUS Active fraternity member [GC 18.7a] Active fraternity member [GC 18.7a] Excused (dispensed) fraternity member [NS 18.7a] Excused (dispensed) fraternity member [NS 18.7a] Lapsed fraternity member [NS 18.7b] Lapsed fraternity member [NS 18.7b]

114. 114 Membership Actions National Statutes, Art. 20 Transfer [GC 55] Transfer [GC 55] Temporary withdrawal from fraternity – [GC 56.1, Rule, art. 23] Temporary withdrawal from fraternity – [GC 56.1, Rule, art. 23] Failure to live the Rule: Failure to live the Rule: Discussion by council with member Discussion by council with member Suspension with obstinacy or relapse [GC 56.2] Suspension with obstinacy or relapse [GC 56.2] Definitive withdrawal from Order [GC 58.1] Definitive withdrawal from Order [GC 58.1] Dismissal from Order [GC 58.2-4] Dismissal from Order [GC 58.2-4]

115. 115 COMMON FUND All members shall support fraternity “according to their means.” [Rule, art. 25] Contributions go into common fund. All members shall support fraternity “according to their means.” [Rule, art. 25] Contributions go into common fund. Local fraternities support higher fraternities from their Common Fund, based on number of active and excused members (not lapsed). [GC 30.3, NS 18.7] Local fraternities support higher fraternities from their Common Fund, based on number of active and excused members (not lapsed). [GC 30.3, NS 18.7]

116. 116 STIPENDS – NS 18.8 When payable – at time of visit When payable – at time of visit To whom – fraternal and pastoral visitors, guest speakers To whom – fraternal and pastoral visitors, guest speakers Based on what? Length of journey, length of stay required, fraternity’s budget/common fund Based on what? Length of journey, length of stay required, fraternity’s budget/common fund

117. 117 PARTICIPATION IN FRATERNITY Meetings as frequently as allowed by circumstances. [GC 53.1, Rule, art. 24] Meetings as frequently as allowed by circumstances. [GC 53.1, Rule, art. 24] Fraternity obligated to keep all sick, disabled, and otherwise excused members UNITED with the fraternity. [GC 53.3, Rule, arts.6, 8, NS 18.10] Fraternity obligated to keep all sick, disabled, and otherwise excused members UNITED with the fraternity. [GC 53.3, Rule, arts.6, 8, NS 18.10]

118. 118 AFFILIATES Association of non-SFO members with fraternities [GC 53.5] Association of non-SFO members with fraternities [GC 53.5] Affiliates’ activities [NS 18b; Rule, art. 13, GC 103.1] Affiliates’ activities [NS 18b; Rule, art. 13, GC 103.1] Maximum number allowed – 15% of membership [NS 18c, d; RGN #36] Maximum number allowed – 15% of membership [NS 18c, d; RGN #36]

119. 119 DUTIES OF A COUNCIL To promote the initiatives necessary for fostering fraternal life, for improving the human, Christian, and Franciscan formation of its members and for sustaining their witness and commitment in the world; To promote the initiatives necessary for fostering fraternal life, for improving the human, Christian, and Franciscan formation of its members and for sustaining their witness and commitment in the world; To make concrete and courageous choices, appropriate for the situation of the fraternity, from among the numerous activities possible in the field of the apostolate. [GC 50.1] To make concrete and courageous choices, appropriate for the situation of the fraternity, from among the numerous activities possible in the field of the apostolate. [GC 50.1]

120. 120 To offer its members opportunities for coming together and collaborating through meetings to be held with as great a frequency as allowed by the situation and with the involvement of all its members. [GC 53.1] To offer its members opportunities for coming together and collaborating through meetings to be held with as great a frequency as allowed by the situation and with the involvement of all its members. [GC 53.1] Minister to keep council informed of all developments affecting the fraternity. [GC 51.1] Minister to keep council informed of all developments affecting the fraternity. [GC 51.1]

121. 121 DEACTIVATION If local fraternity is deactivated, all of its belongings and money go to Region to hold for 100 years. If fraternity revived, it repossess any remaining goods, its own library, and records. [GC 48]

122. 122 Franciscan Youth and Young Adults National Statutes, article 27. The provisions of articles #96 and #97 of the General Constitutions concerning Franciscan Youth and Young Adults apply. The provisions of articles #96 and #97 of the General Constitutions concerning Franciscan Youth and Young Adults apply.

123. 123 General Constitutions, article 96.1 SFO, by virtue of its very vocation, to share experience of evangelical life with youth. [GC 96.1] SFO, by virtue of its very vocation, to share experience of evangelical life with youth. [GC 96.1] Definition of Franciscan Youth (YouFra) [GC 96.2] Definition of Franciscan Youth (YouFra) [GC 96.2] Can pledge to follow SFO Rule after 1 year formation, OR pursue regular course to become professed. [GC 96.3, 4] Can pledge to follow SFO Rule after 1 year formation, OR pursue regular course to become professed. [GC 96.3, 4]

124. 124 DUTIES OF SFO TO YOUTH To promote SFO vocation to Franciscan youth; To promote SFO vocation to Franciscan youth; To provide fraternal animator; To provide fraternal animator; To promote a close communion with the SFO and all leaders. To promote a close communion with the SFO and all leaders. [GC 97.1-3] [GC 97.1-3]

125. 125 Representative of the Franciscan Youth sits on SFO council of the corresponding level; one or more sit on international council. [GC 97.4-5] Representative of the Franciscan Youth sits on SFO council of the corresponding level; one or more sit on international council. [GC 97.4-5]

126. 126 General Constitutions, articles 69-74 International Fraternity

127. 127 General Constitutions, article 70.3 3.The International Council convened in General Chapter is the highest governing body of the SFO with legislative, deliberative, and elective powers. It can make legislative decisions and give norms in conformity with the Rule and the Constitutions. 3.The International Council convened in General Chapter is the highest governing body of the SFO with legislative, deliberative, and elective powers. It can make legislative decisions and give norms in conformity with the Rule and the Constitutions.

128. 128 General Constitutions, article 71 1.The purposes and duties of the International Council of the SFO are: 1.The purposes and duties of the International Council of the SFO are: a. to promote and sustain the evangelical life according to the spirit of Saint Francis of Assisi … a. to promote and sustain the evangelical life according to the spirit of Saint Francis of Assisi … b. to increase the sense of unity of the SFO …, among the national fraternities ; b. to increase the sense of unity of the SFO …, among the national fraternities ; c.to harmonize sound traditions with advances in theological, pastoral, and legislative fields… c.to harmonize sound traditions with advances in theological, pastoral, and legislative fields…

129. 129 d. to contribute to the spreading of ideas and initiatives which are valuable for promoting the availability of Secular Franciscans … d. to contribute to the spreading of ideas and initiatives which are valuable for promoting the availability of Secular Franciscans … e. to determine the orientations and establish priorities for the actions of its Presidency; e. to determine the orientations and establish priorities for the actions of its Presidency; f. to interpret the Constitutions according to article 5,2. f. to interpret the Constitutions according to article 5,2.

130. 130 General Constitutions, article 72 1.The Presidency of the International Council of the SFO is composed of: 1.The Presidency of the International Council of the SFO is composed of: — the general minister; — the general minister; — the vice ‑ minister; — the vice ‑ minister; — the presidency councilors; — the presidency councilors; — a member of the Franciscan Youth; — a member of the Franciscan Youth; — the general assistants of the SFO. — the general assistants of the SFO.

131. 131 2.The presidency councilors are elected according to the international statutes, which determine their number and the areas represented. 2.The presidency councilors are elected according to the international statutes, which determine their number and the areas represented.

132. 132 General Constitutions, articles 98-100 In Communion with the Franciscan Family

133. 133 Living in communion means: Living in communion means: live in life ‑ giving reciprocal communion with all the members of the Franciscan family; Rule 1 live in life ‑ giving reciprocal communion with all the members of the Franciscan family; Rule 1 Be ready to promote and/or participate in common initiatives with 1 st, 2 nd, & 3 rd Order religious, Secular Institutes and other lay church groups that recognize Francis as a model and inspiration – Be ready to promote and/or participate in common initiatives with 1 st, 2 nd, & 3 rd Order religious, Secular Institutes and other lay church groups that recognize Francis as a model and inspiration –

134. 134 To work together to spread the Gospel; To work together to spread the Gospel; To remove the causes of marginalization; To remove the causes of marginalization; To serve the cause of peace. To serve the cause of peace. [ G.C. 98.1, 2]

135. 135 Secular Franciscans are to live in full communion with the Pope and the bishops; Secular Franciscans are to live in full communion with the Pope and the bishops; They should know and deepen the doctrine of the teaching Church through its most important documents; They should know and deepen the doctrine of the teaching Church through its most important documents; They should be attentive to the Holy Spirit; They should be attentive to the Holy Spirit; They should collaborate in the initiatives promoted by the Holy See. They should collaborate in the initiatives promoted by the Holy See. [G.C. 99.1; Rule 6; Lumen Gentium, 12]

136. 136 General Contitutions 99.2 The SFO is connected by a special bond to the Roman Pontiff from whom it has received the approval of its Rule and the confirmation of its mission in the Church and in the world. The SFO is connected by a special bond to the Roman Pontiff from whom it has received the approval of its Rule and the confirmation of its mission in the Church and in the world.

137. 137 Secular Franciscans should love and live that union with their local Church, making themselves present within the life of the Diocese. Secular Franciscans should love and live that union with their local Church, making themselves present within the life of the Diocese. [G.C. 100.1, 100.2, see c.311]

138. 138 Principle service to the Church: Principle service to the Church: – Fidelity to their own charism; – Witness to building fraternity, sincerely and openly. They should be recognized in it by their "being," from which their mission springs. They should be recognized in it by their "being," from which their mission springs. [G.C. 100.3]

139. 139 General Constitutions, article 45 1. The promotion of vocations to the Order is a duty of all the brothers and sisters and is a sign of the vitality of the fraternities themselves. 1. The promotion of vocations to the Order is a duty of all the brothers and sisters and is a sign of the vitality of the fraternities themselves. The brothers and sisters, convinced of the validity of the Franciscan way of life, should pray that God may give the grace of the Franciscan vocation to new members. The brothers and sisters, convinced of the validity of the Franciscan way of life, should pray that God may give the grace of the Franciscan vocation to new members.

140. 140 2.Although nothing can substitute for the witness of each member and of the fraternity, the councils must adopt appropriate means to promote the Secular Franciscan vocation. 2.Although nothing can substitute for the witness of each member and of the fraternity, the councils must adopt appropriate means to promote the Secular Franciscan vocation.