1. GMES-GATO: Rational Systems for Monitoring regional air quality Paul Monks – University of Leicester Andreas Volz-Thomas – FZ Jülich

2. GMES-GATO Define a strategy for global atmospheric observations to make the best co-ordinated use of existing networks and satellites. Examine the European monitoring capability (EMC) Place EMC in a user requirements context Answer the question – Is there a rational observations system to achieve the necessary measurements, monitoring and modelling to meet the user (policy) requirements? –If not how to achieve within GMES

3. Issues in respect of atmospheric monitoring Verification of compliance and success of protocols Provision of NRT information for public and scientific use Measurement, quality, archiving and access Extension of the satellite programme beyond Envisat and MetOp Development of non-satellite monitoring systems for GMES post-2008 Provision of funding/ rational funding frameworks

4. Air Quality AQ is gaseous pollutants and particulate matter from the urban and regional scale to the global scale. AQ on these scales has implications for a number of contemporary issues including: –Human health, (e.g. respiratory, cancer, allergies…), –Eco systems (e.g. crop yields, acidification / eutrophication of natural ecosystems), –National heritage (e.g. buildings), –Regional climate (aerosol and ozone exhibit a strong regionality in climate forcing).

5. RAQ Sources Outcomes BiogenicBiogenic A n t h r o p o g e n ic AerosolsAerosols NOx Ozone OxidantsOxidants RO 2 HO 2 OH CH 4, VOC CO NO, O 3 NO Primary Emissions Secondary Route POPS Hg Heavy Metals

6. RAQ Sources Outcomes BiogenicBiogenic A n t h r o p o g e n ic AerosolsAerosols NOx Ozone OxidantsOxidants RO 2 HO 2 OH CH 4, VOC CO NO, O 3 NO Primary Emissions Secondary Route POPS Hg Heavy Metals CO, NO2, VOCs

7. RAQ Sources Outcomes BiogenicBiogenic A n t h r o p o g e n ic AerosolsAerosols NOx Ozone OxidantsOxidants RO 2 HO 2 OH CH 4, VOC CO NO, O 3 NO Primary Emissions Secondary Route POPS Hg Heavy Metals

8. RAQ Sources Outcomes BiogenicBiogenic A n t h r o p o g e n ic AerosolsAerosols NOx Ozone OxidantsOxidants RO 2 HO 2 OH CH 4, VOC CO NO, O 3 NO Primary Emissions Secondary Route POPS Hg Heavy Metals

9. RAQ Sources Outcomes BiogenicBiogenic A n t h r o p o g e n ic AerosolsAerosols NOx Ozone OxidantsOxidants RO 2 HO 2 OH CH 4, VOC CO NO, O 3 NO Primary Emissions Secondary Route POPS Hg Heavy Metals

10. Wrong just to think of measurements of chemical or aerosol species … Often policy needs are met through modelling so information needs are subtly different

11. From GMES-BICEPS-AQ-Fiche Information requirements

12. The Policy Drivers

13. Policy Context Level Policy Element InternationalUNECE CLRTAP (Acidification, Eutrophication & t O 3 ) EUAQ Framework directive and daughter directives on O 3 and PM, NECD, AQ Information exchange, LCPD & SD NationalAir quality standards (UK) Regional/LocalAir quality action plans (UK)

14. Policy Context Level Policy Element InternationalUNECE CLRTAP (Acidification, Eutrophication & t O 3 ) EUAQ Framework directive and daughter directives on O 3 and PM, NECD, AQ Information exchange, LCPD & SD NationalAir quality standards (UK) Regional/LocalAir quality action plans (UK)

15. Related Policy areas Policy requirements are more holistic e.g. Habitats directive –identify pressures and impacts on important habitats from, for example, air pollution

16. Current Capabilities EMEP – ground based network EARLINET - LIDAR network MOSAIC - in- service aircraft Satellite – Science and operational Laboratory measurements

17. Overall Currently, air quality is relatively well- monitored and reported in the EU –a function of its relatively long policy history and well-established monitoring networks (many going back almost 50 years). –But …

18. Do we have a rational system … Yes and No, but mostly No

19. What is missing? European monitoring needs substantial improvement in terms of suite of measurements and data quality. The existing networks must be coordinated with other activities and research institutes to build a global network for the monitoring of atmospheric change. –M–More/better meteorological measurements –M–More/better precursor measurements –B–Better understanding of the vertical context –b–better homogeneity in terms of spatial/temporal coverage of species covered and data quality Looking towards the future there is also the need to integrate and exploit data.

20. TopicRequirement/s for photooxidants Requirement/s for aerosols Requirement/s for POPs Verification of compliance with protocols 3-D measurement network Surface measurement network Provision of near-real-time data for public and scientific use Development of data assimilation tools; Synoptic scale observations Development of concept Cost effectiveness of existing networks Assessment (role of geo) satellites AssessmentN/A Improvement of existing stations for GMES Post- 2008 Integrated 3-D observation concept Development of observation concept Feasibility of multi-purpose networks Application of observation concept Application of observatory concept Synergies between observations and modelling Development of data assimilation Scientific development Quality assurance, quality control and intercalibration Harmonisation of concepts; Collaboration with science Development of concept, role for accreditation. Role for accreditation

21. TopicRequirement/s for photooxidants Requirement/s for aerosols Requirement/s for POPs Verification of compliance with protocols 3-D measurement network Surface measurement network Provision of near-real-time data for public and scientific use Development of data assimilation tools; Synoptic scale observations Development of concept Cost effectiveness of existing networks Assessment (role of geo) satellites AssessmentN/A Improvement of existing stations for GMES Post- 2008 Integrated 3-D observation concept Development of observation concept Feasibility of multi- purpose networks Application of observation concept Application of observatory concept Synergies between observations and modelling Development of data assimilation Scientific development Quality assurance, quality control and intercalibration Harmonisation of concepts; Collaboration with science Development of concept, role for accreditation. Role for accreditation

22. The grand vision… European Integrated Monitoring Network for Atmospheric Change Measurement strategy - Hierarchy of sites –Background sites –Regional master sites –Local Monitoring networks –Aircraft measurements –Satellite measurements

23. These would reflect key concerns, such as Establishment of stronger standards for air quality monitoring and reporting, capable of meeting the full range of policy needs Establishment of more representative monitoring networks, Increased monitoring of key pollutants of environmental or health concern (e.g. fine particulates, benzene, heavy metals). Asses regions to be monitored (e.g. LRT, UT/LS) Use of EO data to monitor major pollution events and supplement ground-based networks. Use of satellite observation to identify and monitor vulnerable habitats, to give early warning about pollution episodes, and to track and attribute pollution events to source.

24. Its really not all about data …

25. Requires an integration strategy Integration of data from satellites/aircraft (interoperability of data) Data Quality (QA/QC) Data Basing (Meta-data) Data assimilation (Usability of data) Model evaluation and development NRT delivery Leading to high-level user products e.g. “Chemical Weather”

26. What does an end-user want? Do they want lots of data? Do they want pretty pictures? No … They want to know how effectively their current policies are and their future policies will be.

27. TopicRequirement/s for photooxidants Requirement/s for aerosols Requirement/s for POPs Verification of compliance with protocols 3-D measurement network Surface measurement network Provision of near-real-time data for public and scientific use Development of data assimilation tools; Synoptic scale observations Development of concept Cost effectiveness of existing networks Assessment (role of geo) satellites AssessmentN/A Improvement of existing stations for GMES Post- 2008 Integrated 3-D observation concept Development of observation concept Feasibility of multi-purpose networks Application of observation concept Application of observatory concept Synergies between observations and modelling Development of data assimilation Scientific development Quality assurance, quality control and intercalibration Harmonisation of concepts; Collaboration with science Development of concept, role for accreditation. Role for accreditation

28. TopicRequirement/s for photooxidants Requirement/s for aerosols Requirement/s for POPs Verification of compliance with protocols 3-D measurement network Surface measurement network Provision of near-real-time data for public and scientific use Development of data assimilation tools; Synoptic scale observations Development of concept Cost effectiveness of existing networks Assessment (role of geo) satellites Assessment for role of satellites N/A Improvement of existing stations for GMES Post- 2008 Integrated 3-D observation concept Development of observation concept Feasibility of multi-purpose networks Application of observation concept Application of observatory concept Synergies between observations and modelling Development of data assimilation Scientific development Quality assurance, quality control and intercalibration Harmonisation of concepts; Collaboration with science Development of concept, role for accreditation. Role for accreditation

29. The Future GMES - Satellite Requirements

30. ERS-2, ENVISAT METOP ooooooooooo GEO Sampling oooooooooooo Satellites and tropospheric timescales

31. European Summer – “heatwave”

32. UK AQ HIGH BAND FOR OZONE

33. GeoStationary Observations  The Rationale  Science Drivers – understand the impact of man-made and naturally occurring pollution on the atmosphere.  Political Drivers – Geopolitical requirement for treaty monitoring and compliance (e.g. Kyoto and EU-CLRTAP (Convention on long range transport of air pollutants)  Technological drivers – exploit emerging technologies  Synergy with LEO (Wide swath?)

34. Geo-Comp Instrument in Geostationary orbit allows continuous viewing of same part of earth Measure absorption of sunlight by various trace-gases in the atmosphere Convert into hemispheric distributions in real time

35. TopicRequirement/s for photooxidants Requirement/s for aerosols Requirement/s for POPs Verification of compliance with protocols 3-D measurement network Surface measurement network Provision of near-real-time data for public and scientific use Development of data assimilation tools; Synoptic scale observations Development of concept Cost effectiveness of existing networks Assessment (role of geo) satellites AssessmentN/A Improvement of existing stations for GMES Post- 2008 Integrated 3-D observation concept Development of observation concept Feasibility of multi-purpose networks Application of observation concept Application of observatory concept Synergies between observations and modelling Development of data assimilation Scientific development Quality assurance, quality control and intercalibration Harmonisation of concepts; Collaboration with science Development of concept, role for accreditation. Role for accreditation

36. What is the role for GMES? The key role of GMES is to provide an integrated data delivery service for users. GMES should explore the role of a dedicated satellite mission for the delivery of air quality information. GMES should take sub-national activities and integrate them to achieve a critical mass. GMES should develop integrated tools for the delivery of AQ information.

37. Towards a rational system … In the broader sphere, More interaction between monitoring agencies and the scientific community (quality control, data analysis, model evaluation) Integration of the existing networks (e.g., national weather services, EMEP, GAW, ESA), including standardisation of the monitoring requirements, data formats, and data provision Integration of the different existing monitoring systems (ground based networks, aircraft, satellites) Development of integrated tools for the assessment of AQ on a range of scales Dissemination of AQ findings and information.

38. Summary, In Brief Integration Assimilation New instruments and satellites

39. The End