1. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 1 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [Hitachi Direct Sequence UWB Impulse Radio System ] Date Submitted: [January 2005] Source: [(1)Akira Maeki, Ryosuke Fujiwara, Kenichi Mizugaki, Masayuki Miyazaki, Masaru Kokubo, (2)Yasuyuki Okuma, Miki Hayakawa, Shinsuke Kobayashi, Noboru Koshizuka, Ken Sakamura ] Company [(1) Hitachi, Ltd., Central Research Laboratory and Advanced Research Laboratory, (2) YRP Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory ] Address [(1) 1-280 Higashi Koigakubo Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601 JAPAN (2)28 th KOWA Bldg., 2-20-1, Nishi-Gotanda Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031 JAPAN] Voice:[+81 42.323.1111], FAX: [+81 42.327.7849], E-Mail:[a-maeki@crl.hitachi.co.jp] Re: [Response to Call for Proposals] Abstract:[This document proposes Hitachi, Ltd.’s PHY proposal for the IEEE 802.15.4 alternate PHY standard] Purpose:[Proposal for the IEEE802.15.4a standard.] Notice:This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release:The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.

2. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 2 Akira Maeki Hitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd. Proposal for IEEE 802.15.4a DS- UWB Impulse Radio

3. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 3 Contents DS-UWB IR Proposal Details of the System Evaluation Location Awareness Summary

4. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 4 Direct Sequence UWB Impulse Radio System (DS-UWB IR) Pulse Generator PA Transmitter PRF=Tens of MHz t Impulse Radio RF Receiver BB DBPSK PRF :Pulse Repetition Frequency

5. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 5 UWB Pulse and Spectrum Frequency (GHz) EIRP (dBm/MHz) Example: 2.5ns Gaussian Pulse Center Frequency=4.1GHz 10dB BW=1.4GHz TxPower (ave.)= -13.3dBm Initial Target : Arbitrary Pulse in Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz) Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz) -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 01234567891011 High Band (6-10GHz)

6. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 6 Why DS-UWB IR? Low Power Consumption : -Very Simple Architecture -Low Rate Sampling ADC : Tens of Msps, 2-4bits Low Cost : -CMOS Implementation is Feasible (Peak Power <10dBm) -Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz) High Location Accuracy : -Narrow Pulse (2.5ns)  ~30cm in 30m region (AWGN) Scalability : by Spread Factor 258kbps @30m (cf. ZigBee 250kbps @30-70m) 10.7Mbps @10m (cf. Bluetooth 1Mbps @10m)

7. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 7 Evaluation Results Scalability 258kbps at 30m, 10.7Mbps at 10m Low Power Consumption Tx=30mW, Rx=120mW Low Cost CMOS implementation High Location Accuracy 30cm at 30m (AWGN) <40cm at 40m (CM1)

8. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 8 Benchmark Hitachi Proposal DS-UWB IEEE802.15.4 #1: commercial chip example #2: Sampling Rate=64Msps Data Rate & Range Power Consumption Location Accuracy (30m range in AWGN) 10.7Mbps @10m 258kbps @30m Tx: 30mW Rx: 120mW 250kbps @30-70m 30cm2-3m #2 Tx: 50-60mW #1 Rx: 50-60mW

9. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 9 Details of the System Evaluation 1. General Definitions 2. Signal Robustness 3. Technical Feasibility

10. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 10 1. General Definitions -Overview -Parameters for the Simulations -Scalability -Link Budget

11. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 11 Overview PAN coordinator FFD (Full Function Device) RFD (Reduced Function Device) Code 1 Code 2 Multiple Access: CDMA (Slide 18) 31chip M-Sequence System Parameters (Slide 12-13) Frame Format (Slide 19) System Performance (Slide 22-24) Transceiver (Slide 15) Tx Rx Interferer Coexistence (Slide 25) Tx (Slide 17) Rx (Slide 28-29) Location Awareness (Slide 33-40) Anchor Nodes (Known position) Sync. Node Code 3 SOP evaluation Not finished yet Interference

12. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 12 System Parameters Hardware specifications: Crystal =± 20ppm ADC=32Msps, 4bits (Including Location Awareness) Nominal Data RateRange Optional 258kbps 10.7Mbps 30m 10m Data Rate: 2.5ns Gaussian Pulse with PRF=32MHz (Data Rate depends on Spread Factor:124 for 258kbps, 3 for 10.7Mbps) 32MHz (=31ns) 2.5ns 1 symbol for 10.7Mbps mode (optional)

13. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 13 Scalability with spread factor Data RateModulationSpread Factor Number of Pulses / Bit 32.0 MbpsDBPSK11 10.7 MbpsDBPSK33 4.57 MbpsDBPSK77 2.13 MbpsDBPSK15 1.03 MbpsDBPSK31 258 kbpsDBPSK124 129 kbpsDBPSK248 PRF=32MHz

14. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 14 Link Budget Parameters Value 258kbps 30m Value 10.7Mbps 10m Units Center Frequency4096 MHz Average Transmit Power (2.5ns Gaussian Pulse) -13.3 dBm PRF32 MHz Spread Factor1243 Data Rate25810666kbps Path Loss at 1m44.7 dB Distance3010m Decay coefficient2.0 - Additional Path Loss at 30m,10m29.520.0dB Implementation Loss3.0 dB Antenna gain-3.0 dBi Required Eb/N0 @PER=1%, 32B14.09.8dB Noise Power Density-174 dBm Receiver Total NF7.0 dB Margin5.42.9dB

15. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 15 Transceiver Architecture Pulse Generator I Q LPF Digital Block Data LNA Transmitter Receiver LPF 0/90PLL Modulation & Spreading ADC Digital PHY Analog RF MAC Data Matched Filter Signal Acquisition Tracking Ranging etc. ANT. Switch BPF PA 4.1GHz <100kgates 32MHz, 2-4bits Xtal 20ppm Antenna

16. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 16 Modulation and Spreading ItemsSpecifications Pulse Shape2.5ns Gaussian Pulse RF Frequency4096±700MHz (10dB BW) PRF32MHz ModulationDBPSK SpreadingDirect Sequence DespreadingMatched Filter SequenceM-Sequence

17. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 17 Modulation and Spreading Lengthvalue 11 41,1,0,1 81,1,1,0,0,1,0,1 D Spread Sequence 2 Spreading PG Spread Sequence 1 Differential Coding LengthValue 11 31,1,0 71,1,1,0,0,1,0 151,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0 311,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0 Spread Sequence 1Spread Sequence 2 DATA Nominal Data Rate 258kbps Spread Factor =124 :Spread Sequence (4, 31) Optional Data Rate 10.7Mbps Spread Factor= 3 :Spread Sequence (1, 3 ) Spreading

18. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 18 Multiple Access Multiple access : CDMA Each Piconet has its own sequence (One sequence / Piconet) 31 chip M-sequence has 6 nearly orthogonal sequences. Sequence 11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Sequence 21 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Sequence 30 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Sequence 40 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sequence 50 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 Sequence 61 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Auto Correlation Cross Correlation

19. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 19 Frame Format PPDU Octets: PHY Layer Preamble 201 Frame Length SFD 1 SHRPHRPSDU MPDU Data: 32 (n=23) Frame Cont. Seq. #Address Data Payload CRC Octets: 210/4/82 MAC Sublayer n MHRMSDUMFR For ACK: 5 (n=0)

20. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 20 System Throughput Time for transmission Nominal mode (X 0 = 258 kbps)  Throughput: 100 kbps … HDRPSDU 3222 HDR ACK 522 DATA Frame 1 t ACK t LIFS DATA Frame 2 HDRPSDU 3222 Acknowledged transmission

21. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 21 2. Signal Robustness -Multipath Immunity -Simultaneously Operating Piconets -Coexistence

22. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 22 System Performance in AWGN 0ppm ideal 40ppm ideal -40ppm ideal -40ppm worst 40ppm worst PER Eb/N0 (dB) Error factors considered (IQ mismatch etc.) PSDU: 32Bytes

23. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 23 System Performance in Multipath Environment PER Eb/N0 (dB) 0ppm ideal case Crystal Frequency Stability PSDU: 32Bytes

24. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 24 System Performance Data RateAWGNCM1CM5 258 kbps56m27m24m 10.7 Mbps14m** Results obtained using 4a channel model (doc #04/581r7). CM1: Indoor Residential (LOS), CM5: Outdoor (LOS) Crystal=0ppm, NF=7dB, Implementation Loss=3dB, Zero Margin * Under evaluation

25. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 25 Coexistence The band allocation of 3.1-5.1GHz allows the coexistence with Wireless LANs & PANs (802.11a/b/g and 802.15.1/3/4) Frequency (GHz) EIRP (dBm/MHz) Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz) -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 01234567891011 High Band (6-10GHz) UNII notch for “desired criteria” coexistence Meet the Desired Criteria in the 15.3a (Interferer at 0.3m) BPF: Rejection=30dB (@2.4GHz and 5GHz)

26. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 26 3. Technical Feasibility -Transceiver Architecture -Synchronization -Complexity -Evaluation by a Test Bed

27. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 27 Transceiver Architecture Pulse Generator I Q LPF Digital Block Data LNA Example: Transmitter Receiver LPF 0/90PLL Modulation & Spreading ADC Digital PHY Analog RF MAC Data Matched Filter Signal Acquisition Tracking Ranging etc. ANT. Switch BPF PA 4.1GHz <100kgates 32MHz, 2-4bits Rejection=30dB @2.4GHz&5GHz Xtal 20ppm Antenna

28. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 28 Synchronization × ～ CORR LO ADC × 90 CORR ABS + Detector Template Generator Threshold Detector ADC MF Timing Control Code Correlator ABS Pulse Correlator Analog Domain Digital Domain Two Step Synchronization: Pulse Correlation: Sliding Correlation Code Correlation: Digital Matched Filter Example:

29. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 29 2.5ns Tw=31.3ns Rx Signal Template  =0.5ns Sliding correlation for pulse synchronization Received Signal Template Wavelet Sampled data Sampling Timing Output Of MF Time Tw Symbol: Ts Acquisition  Two Step Synchronization No pulse sync. Pulse sync.

30. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 30 Unit Manufacturing Complexity Preliminary Evaluation Analog RF ** Size* *0.18  m Standard CMOS Process Digital PHY *** Base Band Ranging External Components ** Analog RF : LNA, Mixer, PLL, ADC (Slide 27) *** Base Band : Acquisition, Tracking etc. (Slide 27) Ranging : 1GHz Counter (Slide 38). Crystal =± 20ppm BPF (Rejection=30dB@2.4GHz&5GHz) Antenna -Ceramic Antenna -Pattern Antenna 100 kgates 1 kgates 12 mm 2

31. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 31 Manufacturability & Technical Feasibility

32. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 32 Feasibility Study by the Test Bed HDRPSDU 32 22 1000 Pseudo Random Packets Tx Rx Variable ATT. Propagation Loss PER Measurement -Send 1000 Pseudo random packets through the variable attenuator (Variable attenuator represents Propagation Loss) -Measure the PER PER<1% for 258kbps at 30m and 10.7Mbps at 10m

33. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 33 Location Awareness

34. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 34 Location Awareness Trilateration for Location Awareness - 3 Known-position Nodes (+1 sync. node) - Synchronization by a reference signal - TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival) based High Location Accuracy : AWGN: 30cm in 30m Range Indoor Residential ： <40cm in 40m Range

35. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 35 Active-TDOA One-way Ranging  Can relax the RFD specifications  Can save power consumption  High Accuracy for mobile node location Accuracy Accuracy depends only on the clock at the FFD RFD FFD (Anchor)

36. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 36 System Configuration System Configuration for 2D location measurements Node Server & Data Base Monitor Terminal Anchor Node 3 Anchor Node 1 Anchor Node 2 T2T2 T1T1 T3T3 TDOA (t 1 -T 1 ) TDOA (t 2 -T 2 ) TDOA (t 3 -T 3 ) Wireless/Wired Network Time of Arrival: t 1 t2t2 t3t3 “Calculation of the Node Location based on the TDOAs and the Reference Locations” For Sync. ---Synchronization by a node-- -Expand the Range

37. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 37 TDOA Based Measuring time Signal from a node whose position is known time Anchor 1 Anchor 2 time The Location is calculated by the Time Difference those Signal from a node for location Anchor 1 Anchor 2 Anchor 1 Anchor 2 Anchors are not synchronized Temporary synchronization Measure the time difference of arrival Reference time ---Synchronization by a node--

38. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 38 Receiver Architecture Counter Memory Detection Timing Counter Sync. Demod. Count the time difference of arrival by the Counter The Counter and Memory are the additional circuits to the Rx (Gate size: About 1kgates) Receiver

39. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 39 Parameters for Simulations Packet Format: same packet as data transmission Channel Model : Indoor Residential LOS (CM1) Counter clock : 1GHz ADC : 32Msps Crystal Accuracy : 0ppm (ideal) Number of trial : 100 for each distance

40. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 40 Simulation Results Channel Model : Indoor Residential LOS (CM1) Frequency Stability: 0ppm

41. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 41 Summary DS-UWB IR is Simple, Scalable and Reliable 258kbps at 30m (Nominal), 10.7Mbps at 10m (Optional) Location Awareness: 40cm in 40m region (CM1) In a regular packet transmission, with one additional counter. Proposed DS-UWB IR - fc=4.1GHz, BW=1.4GHz at Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz) - 2.5ns Gaussian Pulse with PRF of 32MHz - DBPSK Modulation - TDOA for Location Awareness

42. doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a Submission January 2005 Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 42 Conclusion Still have evaluations to do… Can show the feasibility in March by the Test Bed and TEG chip - Scalable data rate up to 10.7Mbps at 10m - High Location Accuracy of ~40cm in 40m range are the main differentiation from the 15.4 system Hitachi DS-UWB System