2. REMEMBER ! PLACEMENT TEST Giovedi, ore 11, P3 RICEVIMENTO BOWLES Lunedi 11-12, Venerdi 10-11 DIDATTICA WEB Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM Bacheca e Files 1

3. WELCOME TO LINGUA INGLESE 1 - Modulo 1 - 20 lessons - written exam (1 hr) - esonero in December or exams in June, September, January 2

4. 2011-12 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/B Introduction to English Linguistics prof. Hugo Bowles Lesson 3 What is English linguistics 3

5. Linguistics quiz – n.1 Who speaks standard English? a. english people b. americans c. australians d. all three of these e. all three of these and others f. none of these 4

6. Linguistics quiz – n.2 “no people = no meanings” Yes or no? 5

7. Linguistics quiz – n.3 “Animals cannot understand languages” Yes or no? 6

8. Linguistics quiz – n.4 Who might say “I wented”? a. a. a small english child b. b. an Italian student of English c. c. an american from Louisiana d. d. all of these e. e. none of these Yes or no? 7

9. A. DEFINITIONS & AREAS A. DEFINITIONS & AREAS 8 DEFINITIONAREA The study of how you learn your mother tongue LANGUAGE ACQUISITION The study of language and the mind COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS The study of language and society SOCIOLINGUISTICS The study of how we communicate as a species ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS

10. Linguistics quiz – n.5 The same person can be a “terrorist” and a "freedom fighter”. Yes or no? 9

11. Linguistics quiz – n.6 “I scream” has the same sound as “ice cream” Yes or no? 10

12. Linguistics quiz – n.7 “A single letter means a lot”. Yes or no? 11

13. Linguistics quiz – n.8 xt xs pxssxblx tx xndxrstxnd whxt I xm wrxtxng xvxn xf x rxplxcx xll thx vxwxls wxth xn x Yes or no? 12

14. Linguistics quiz – n.9 “English does not have a future tense” Yes or no? 13

15. Linguistics quiz – n.10 There are three words in this sentence ……… Yes or no? 14

16. B. DEFINITIONS & AREAS 15 DEFINITIONAREA The study of sound patterns in languages PHONOLOGY The study of the sounds of speechPHONETICS The study of the structure of words MORPHOLOGY The study of rules governing language use PRAGMATICS The study of word meaningLEXICAL SEMANTICS The study of how language is usedPRAGMATICS

17. 16 Structure UsePragmatics Meaning (semantics) Grammar Medium of Transmission PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxLexiconDiscourse Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997)

18. 17 What you will study Phonetics and Phonology Morphology and Syntax Semantics Pragmatics – Lingua 2 and 3

19. 18 Phonetics Study of the sounds of Speech Articulatory Acoustic Experimental

20. 19 Phonology The study of the sound patterns in languages Phonemes (vowels and consonants) Prosody (stress, rhythm and intonation)

21. 20 Morphology The study of the structure of words

22. 21 Syntax The study of the ways in which words combine into units such as Phrase, Clause and Sentence

23. 22 Semantics The study of the meaning of words and sentences, their denotations, connotations, implications and ambiguities

24. 23 Pragmatics The analysis of language as it is used. It includes discourse analysis and conversation analysis which you will study in years 2 and 3

25. Phonetics and phonology 24

26. 25 What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? Phonology deals with the sound systems languages Phonetics deals with the physical realisation of the elements of the sound system, e.g. how the sound is physically produced (articulatory phonetics), or the acoustic characteristics of the speech sound (acoustic phonetics)

27. 26 Why study phonetics and phonology? Of particular importance for learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) because it has a practical application English has a far larger repertory of phonemes than languages like Standard Italian English is not a phonographic language, i.e. spelling generally does give a clear indication of pronunciation

28. 27 Standard British English v. Standard Italian EnglishItalian Pure Vowels127 (5) Diphthongs84 Consonants2419

29. 28 English is not a phonographic language Many sounds have several different spellings, e.g. go, though, foe, slow, boat; or George, Joe, badge, village Many “same spellings” have different sounds, e.g. : though, cough, bough, through, thought, and enough.

30. 29 The problem of pronunciation for learners of ESL Learners cannot rely on the spelling of a word The problem is the opposite for native speakers – English schoolchildren spend incredible amounts of time learning to read and esp. to write. Many adults have very poor spelling. To learn to pronounce English correctly it is of great help to learn to read phonemic transcription and/or have a CD dictionary with sound

31. 30 Even the predictable combinations in English are different to those of other languages usually corresponds to / ei /, e.g. pain, paid, almost never to / ai / usually, but not always, corresponds to / t∫ / at the start of a word, e.g. cheese but not choir

32. 31 Is English spelling really so erratic? 83% of English words have predictable spelling However, the remaining 17% is comprised of the most commonly used, everyday words Therefore the greatest difficulties are faced by the learner at the start

33. 32 Why is English spelling so erratic? (1) Not enough vowel letters for vowel sounds English does not use accents, umlauts etc. English spelling reflects many archaic forms of pronunciation e.g. night in the past, was pronounced with a fricative

34. 33 Why is English spelling so erratic? (2) English has always resisted spelling reforms and academies to set standards English spelling became fixed in the 16 th -17 th c. with the arrival of printing. Many of the printers were Flemish and had little knowledge of the language English has borrowed extensively from other languages and has tended to maintain original spelling

35. 34 Key concepts: the phone Each time a speech sound is produced it is different Each time you produce a /t/ it will be ever so slightly different Hence the concept of the phone: a physical realisation of a speech sound

36. 35 Key concepts: the phoneme The smallest speech sound that has linguistic value When a series of phones are similar in terms of articulation and can be distinguished from another group in terms of meaning and collocation, the group is given a name e.g. /t/. This is a phoneme. The phoneme is an abstract term, specific to a particular language.

37. REMEMBER ! PLACEMENT TEST per i ritardatari Lunedi, ore 14, P3 RICEVIMENTO BOWLES Lunedi 10-11, Giovedi 15-16, Venerdi 10- 11 DIDATTICA WEB Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM “Files” e “Comunicazioni” 36