1. بسم الله الر حمن الر حيم والصلاة والسلام علي سيد نا محمد English Phonetics in Reading and Writing

2. a few technical terms HOMONYMS/homophones: whole/hole no / know = Do you know? No, I don’t. red/read = Did you read the story/ Yes, I read the story/ A red car Contrastive pairs: till _ tall _ tell phonemes in the initial positions : cat bat rat mat that sat Word cluster c-c-o or c-v-c

3. Realization of sound and sound segment Pronoun I- phonological representation /ai/- phonemic representation You- phonological representation / / phonemic representation, but doesn’t sound as a vowel therefore it is a phonemic consonant with no vowel sound contrary to this ‘honest’, hour/our

4. frequently mispronounced words next / nakest --- asked/ask+ed monosyllabic becomes bi-syllabic A level learners are prone to mispronunciation of words beginning with consonants like: city/kity go/jo Consonants in the middle position--mango/ Arabic manja /

5. Use of Anagram in Writing: Word(s) that is formed by rearranging the letters of a given word: Team (1234 letters)_mate (4312) = partner; Raw(123)_ war (321) = fight; late (1234)__tale(3214) = story Paws (1234)_ swap(4321) = I fancy for a job swap (n) Lamb (1234)­­­­­_ 4213 balm = ointment Face (1234)_ 3214 café = coffee shop Pear (1234)_ 4231 reap = harvest Lion (1234)___ WORD FORMS= ORTHOGRAPHIC WORDS LEXIS= VOCABULARY GRAMMATICAL FORMS OF THE WORDS

6. How to improve reading and writing? Reading a story in a book is a kind of speaking Core vocabulary Phonological issues (pronunciation) related to topic vocabulary (e.g. medical sciences ESP) Morphological issues (spelling;/lexis/grammatical words)

7. Morphological Conditioning Pronouncing__ /t/, /d/,/id/ … past Pronouncing__ /s/, /z/, /iz/ Pronouncing zero suffix__ sheep, deer, cattle both{s-p} N; cut,put, hit__ both{tenses}

8. Acoustic Phonetics A scientific study of sound ( in English, the physical nature of a sound or sound segment. In other context the phone-lo-gist may talk about an abstract hypothetical segment. Such abstract segments are usually called phonemes. Thus, segment refers to phonological segments (phonemes).

9. Pronunciation Underlying sound pattern in the teaching of English (L1-L2 conflict) rice and rise: /s/ and /z/ are articulated indistinctively. It means /s/ is pronounced as /z/ and the word rise is heard as rice. The pronunciation of /sh/ is not different from /s/ and /c/ in : Admission…the last syllable –ssion ; machine; conscience chef.. first syllable ch.. Congratulations; patience

10. Writing and Alphabets No of letters vs. No of Sounds An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language The basic Latin alphabets consists of 26 letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z Vowel letters = 5 ; 21= Consonant letters

11. Writing vs.spelling a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. same phoneme with two different letters or combinations of letters __ rough, tough, cough some words with unpronounced letters (honest), hour(our),

12. Phonetic Alphabets International Phonetic Association (IPA) Writing things the way they sound The standard system used to write a language is called its orthography Readers should be able to recreate it simply by reading out the written transcription loud. English spelling conventions are not consistent enough to be used in a systematic phonetic transcription. The same letter or letter combination can refer to different sounds. low vs. cow vs. bow, row, sow

13. Straightforward symbols

14. Pronouncing Consonants Common difficulties: Think ___ then ___ den __ this go___ jolly ___ ghost _ ing form (_ mming,_nning )

15. Characteristics of intonation (stress accent) English is a stressed-timed language i.e., certain syllables in each multi-syllabic word get a relative prominence/loudness during pronunciation while the others do not That | was | the | best | thing | you | could | have | done!

16. Writing system Used Latin Alphabet (since 19 th.c) Before, it had been written using Anglo- Saxon Futhorc. The spelling system/orthography of English is historical, not phonological. The spelling of words often diverges considerably from how they are spoken, and English spelling is often considered to be one of the most difficult ones to learn of any language that uses an alphabet.