1. Dual-fuel gas-Diesel engines Project leader: Prof. Ingemar Denbratt PhD student: Zhiqin Jia Project start date: 30 Oct 2012 Project end date: 31 Dec 2014 Program: Energy Efficient Road Vehicles Project funding: 3 638 000 SEK

2. Zhiqin Jia Outline Background & goals Experimental setup Methodology Results Conclusion & future work

3. Zhiqin Jia Background Research regarding conventional NG-Diesel dual-fuel combustion have already continuously been conducted several decades (NG mass ratio, total lambda, pilot Diesel quantity influence, etc). Dual-fuel RCCI (Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition) combustion concept gives quite promising results (efficiency and emission). There is a need for dual-fuel 3D models to help to optimise dual-fuel experimental hardware and understand more about combustion details. Roussos G. Papagiannakis, ”Combustion and performance characteristics of a DI diesel engine operating from low to high natural gas supplment ratio”, SAE Technical Paper:2008-01-1392. Derek E. Nieman and Rolf D.Reitz, ”Heavy-duty RCCI operation using natural gas and diesel”, SAE Technical Paper: 2012-01-0379.

4. Zhiqin Jia Goals Investigate dual-fuel (NG/Diesel) RCCI fast combustion on a heavy duty DI Diesel engine. Validate Chalmers developed dual-fuel combustion 3D simulation model with experimental data.

5. Zhiqin Jia Experimental setup AVL AMA NO. NO x. HC. CO. CO2 Volvo D12C single cylinder engine

6. Zhiqin Jia Methodology Engine speed (rpm) Load (bar BMEP) Diesel injection pressure(bar) EGRIntake pressure(bar) Compression ratio 12005.3 -10800 -140041%1.7 -1.914 & 17 15008 -10600 -100041%1.7 -1.914 & 17 18008 -10.8600 -100041%1.7 -1.914 & 17 SOI =45 BTDCSOI=64.5 - 74.2 BTDC Diesel injection profile (electrical signal)

7. Zhiqin Jia Results – RCCI combustion 9 bar BMEP, 1500 rpm, injection pressure 1000 bar, 41% EGR SOI=45 BTDC SOI=69.3 BTDC 4.05 CAD 3.69 CAD

8. Zhiqin Jia Results – RCCI combustion 9 bar BMEP, 1200 rpm, injection pressure 1000 bar, 41% EGR SOI=45 BTDC SOI=64.5 BTDC 2.16 – 4.32 CAD 2.88 CAD

9. Zhiqin Jia Results – simulation

10. Zhiqin Jia Results – simulation 400 450 500 0 0 150 -30-20-10010203040 5060 70 80 90 0 350 300 250 200 100 5050 80 60 40 20 -120 -90-60-30306090120 Crank angle [°ATDC] In-cylinder pressure [bar] Total heat release rate ( J/deg ) [bar] Exp Calc Exp Calc Engine speed Load SOI (electrical) Diesel injection pressure (bar) Equivalence ratio 1500 rpm6 bar bmep6 BTDC20000.55

11. Zhiqin Jia Conclusions & Future work It has been shown that RCCI combustion can be obtained and controlled for mixtures of NG and Diesel. It is possible to reach very high thermal efficiency and low NO x and Soot emissions. Resonable good agreement between the experimental data and 3D simulation model have been achieved, but chemical mechanism needs to be further improved. We plan to investigate direct injection of both gas and Diesel.

12. Zhiqin Jia Thank you for your attention