1. Oh where, Oh where has 34molecules of ATP gone???????? Only the Krebs cycle knows for sure.

2. The energy produced from the "burning" of glucose is used to make ATP. In chemistry this process is called the oxidation of glucose. The purpose of cellular respiration is to make ATP. All cells use and need ATP. There are 3 parts to cellular respiration 3 Part of Respiration I. Glycolysis II. Kreb's Cycle III. Electron Transport Chain

3. After glycolysis, pyruvic acid is shuttled to the mitochondrion to extract the energy from this molecule and convert it to ATP. This is done by stripping the remaining hydrogens from pyruvic acid or pyruvate. There are two molecules of pyruvic acid so the Kreb's cycle occurs twice. The hydrogens are used to reduce NAD and FAD. In addition 3 molecules of carbon dioxide are released. The Kreb’s cycle is located in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion.

4. Summary of Krebs- Occurs in mitochondrion 2X’s Pyruvate---> 3 CO 2 6 CO 2 1 ADP ---> 1 ATP 2 ATP 4 NAD ---> 4 NADH 2 8 NADH 2 1 FAD ---> 1 FADH 2 2 FADH 2 The hydrogen found on pyruvate will be used to reduce NAD and FAD. Only one ADP is phosphorylated at the substrate level or directly by enzymes.

5. Step 1 Prepping step. Pyruvate is decarboxy- lated and also oxidized. The hydrogens are used to reduced NAD. Technically not a part of the Kreb’s cycle Step 2 The acetyl group is attached to oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid

7. Prepping part- Technically not an official step of the Kreb’s cycle

8. Step 2 Technically not an official step of the Kreb’s cycle

9. Step 3 Water is removed and then added back in to make isocitric acid Step 4 Isocitric acid will be oxidized and NAD will be-come reduced. The new acid is oxalosuccinic acid

10. Steps 3 and 4 Citric acid is isomerizes to make isocitric acid and then isocitric acid is oxidized making oxaloacetic acid. This step reduces NAD

11. Step 5 Oxalosuccinic acid will be decarboxylated as it is converted to a-ketoglutaric acid. It now has only 5 carbons. Second CO 2 is released. Step 6  ketoglutaric acid will be decarboxylated and at the same time oxidized. NAD will be reduced. Third CO 2 is released.

12. Step 5 Oxalosuccinic acid will be decarboxylated as it is converted to a-ketoglutaric acid. It now has only 5 carbons. Second CO 2 is released. Step 6  ketoglutaric acid will be decarboxylated and at the same time oxidized. NAD will be reduced. Third CO 2 is released.

13. Step 7. The next step is rather complicated. Succinyl-Co-A looses the coenzyme Co-A and is hydrated. Phosphate is added to GDP--->GTP which in turns takes the phosphate and gives it to ADP--->ATP. Step 8. Succinic acid becomes oxidized and FAD becomes reduced.

14. Step 7. The next step is rather complicated. Succinyl-Co-A looses the coenzyme Co-A and is hydrated. Phosphate is added to GDP--->GTP which in turns takes the phosphate and gives it to ADP--->ATP. This is known as substrate phosphorylation. Step 8. Succinic acid becomes oxidized and FAD becomes reduced.

15. Step 9. Fumaric acid becomes hydrated as water is added to it. Step 10. The last step malic acid is oxidized and NAD is reduced to return to oxaloacetic acid and start the cycle again

16. Step 9. Fumaric acid becomes hydrated as water is added to it. Step 10. The last step malic acid is oxidized and NAD is reduced to return to oxaloacetic acid and start the cycle again

17. Summary of Krebs- Occurs in mitochondrion 2X’s Pyruvate---> 3 CO 2 6 CO 2 1 ADP ---> 1 ATP 2 ATP 4 NAD ---> 4 NADH 2 8 NADH 2 1 FAD ---> 1 FADH 2 2 FADH 2 The hydrogen found on pyruvate will be used to reduce NAD and FAD. Only one ADP is phosphorylated at the substrate level or directly by enzymes.

18. The purpose of chemiosmosis is to extract the energy found in NADH and FADH 2 to make more ATP. This involves the cristae. There are electron transport chains that are used. The electrons from the NADH and FADH 2 are used to move on the electron transport chain. As the electrons move down the electron transport chain, H + ions are pumped across the membrane. The electrons from one NADH can pump 6 H + across the membrane, but the electrons from FADH 2 can only pump 4 H + across the membrane.

19. The outer compartment of the mitochondria becomes positive and the inside becomes negative like a battery. This "battery" can do work. The hydrogen ions can cross an F1 particle and make ATP. It takes 2 H + to cross the F1 particle to provide enough energy to make ATP. Because the electron transport chain oxidizes NADH or FADH 2 and uses the energy to phosphorylate ADP, this is also known as oxidative phosphorylation.

20. 8 NADH 2 x 6 H = 48 H + 2 FADH 2 (Krebs)x 4 H = 8 H + 2 FADH 2 (glyc.) X 4 H = 8 H + ATP Summary 64 H + 64 H + --> 32 ATP

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22. ATP can be made from other foods other than glucose. I. Carbohydrates a. Starch--> X's glucose molecules and now respired in glycolysis b. Sucrose--> glucose and fructose and now respired in glycolysis II. Fats/Lipids-> Glycerol and 3 fatty acids Glycerol is converted to PGAL and respired in glycolysis. The fatty acids are chopped into 2 carbon acetyl groups and used in the Krebs or citric acid cycle.

23. III. Proteins--> amino acids Once the amino acids are produced, then the amine group must be removed. The left over acid is then used at some point in the Krebs cycle