1. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Biofuels and Climate Change Biofuelwatch www.biofuelwatch.org.uk introduced by Dr Andrew Boswell, biofuelwatch and UK Green Party councillor on Norfolk County Council

2. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Summary Climate Change background - urgency to avoid catastropic climate change Public policy debate has been sidelined Certification = no viable answer Agrofuels / biofuels are accelerating climate change Descending the transport emissions curve - Demand reduction is key

3. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Emission sources Deforestation, agriculture and peat Anthropogenic energy From Stern Report

4. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Arctic 2007 Summer Ice Melt Non-linear effect? National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)

5. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Descending the fossil emissions curve - Demand reduction is key 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 1990 2000 2010 2020 Biofuels being sold at this level – BUT IS THE OPPOSITE TRUE? Energy efficiency and energy reduction Carbon management – use less carbon Decarbonise – switch from carbon completely Current EU energy policy 90% carbon emission reduction needed URGENTLY!

6. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change US / EU Biofuel Policy – going off the graph EU – 10% by 2020 (1% now) 2010 2020 US – 20% by 2020 (4% now)

7. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Agrofuels – no public policy debate Even current 1% EU penetration has taken us into ‘downstream’ phase of implementation Yet, there has been no consistent or complete scientific and policy scrutiny Bypassed by Governments and industry Public policy debate is urgently needed – moratorium is needed to facilitate this

8. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Certification context Governments’ response to no public policy debate is to develop ‘certification schemes’ or ‘sustainability criteria’ Calls for international scheme (UK Govt., Ford etc)

9. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Certification schemes Greenhouse gas (GHG) balances –URGENT need for full lifecycle, whole system (macro) carbon balance studies Direct and indirect environmental impacts: Deforestation, loss of habitats / biodiversity, water depletion, soil erosion, chemicals Direct and indirect social impacts: Poverty, land conflicts, human rights, labour, food security and sovereignty

10. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Sustainability criteria Driven by interests of industry and government Displacement / leakage not handled –Existing agriculture displaced by agrofuels moves into new areas Macro impacts through commodity price shifts not handled –Amazon deforestation ←→ soy price US Corn for ethanol displaces US soy => soy price –EU oilseed rape use causes palm oil prices causes palm oil expansion

11. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Do Agrofuels save emissions? Agrofuel infrastructure is built on Fossil Fuel infrastructure –Intensive agriculture – fossil fuel based – fertilisers, farm equipment, Nitrous oxide emissions (300* CO2), soil carbon emissions –Feedstock transport, shipping, ports –Refining (coal, gas fired plants!) ; process chemicals

12. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change N20 needs further study microbes convert N fertiliser to N2O –NEW STUDY by Nobel prizewinner Paul Crutzen, August 2007 : 3 to 5 per cent = twice the widely accepted figure of 2 per cent used by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). oilseed rape biodiesel, for example, is up to 70% worse for the climate than fossil fuel diesel (also corn ethanol) UK and EU Biofuels policy and certification schemes in scientific doubt N2O emissions – chemical fertilizer impact greater in tropics Both EU home grown biofuels and tropical imports

13. Massive destruction beyond N2O - Agrofuels are accelerating climate change Deforestation for oil palms, Colombia Fires to clear land for palm oil, Kalimantan Photo by Nordin, Save our Borneo

14. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Peat drainage and destruction Drainage Dry peat - oxidises and, over time, emits all its carbon as CO2. 42-50 billion tonnes of carbon stored in those SE Asian peatlands. Fires Many set by plantation companies, greatly accelerate the loss of carbon. Of the 27.1 million hectares of peatland in South-east Asia, 12 million hectares are deforested and mostly drained.

15. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Agrofuels as a new driver of peatland destruction Indonesia plans 20 million hectares new oil palm plantations to meet biodiesel demand. $17.4 billion investment deals in Indonesian palm oil agreed this year. According to 2006 FAO report, growth in European rapeseed oil biodiesel has significantly pushed up global palm oil prices.

16. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Deforestation “with partial deforestation the entire landscape could become drier and a domino effect could occur producing a ‘tipping point’ affecting the whole forest”. Conclusion of recent scientific conference Amazon drying out – die-back threat increasing - 120 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide

17. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Amazon Deforestation and Drought Deforestation in Novo Progreso, Brazil ; Alberto Cesar/Greenpeace/AP Amazon drought 2005, Lake Rei

18. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Massive land-use change in global South, and crop commodity traffic Massive emission exports from industralised nations to global South

19. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Emission trickery Exporting emissions from Northern transport to Southern agriculture and landuse NB: Soil + Peat not included

20. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Descending the transport emissions curve - Demand reduction is key 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 1990 2000 2010 2020 Reduce vehicle emissions by 50% - smaller, more efficient vehicles Reduce journeys – planning, modal shift, decouple transport from economy Reduce liquid fuel – plug-in hybrids Change Supply - Concentrating Solar Power ? Current EU energy policy 90% carbon emission reduction needed URGENTLY!

21. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change The Climate Context 1 st generation biofuels –Scientific doubt on N20 for all fuel supply chains including EU oilseed rape –Already a climate disaster Eg Indonesian peat lands Deforestation tropics Yet mass-scale infrastructure and investment ready for 2 nd generation biofuels –15-20 years to develop –BUT emissions must be cut now –Biohazards (even now in R&D) –Deforestation boreal and temporate Transport sector DEMAND REDUCTION We are currently in ‘first generation’ world – there is a gap to any viable second generation – ‘first generation’ problems must be addressed

22. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Networking What factsheets, lobbying support would be useful for your organisation? immediate moratorium call on EU incentives for agrofuels, EU imports of agrofuels and EU agroenergy monocultures. http://www.econexus.info/biofuels.html Sign up to the biofuelwatch yahoo group - send a blank email to biofuelwatch- subscribe@yahoogroups.com www.biofuelwatch.org.uk Email us at info@biofuelwatch.org.uk if you would like to get more involved in the campaign.

23. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change

24. Denmark September 2007 Biofuels and Climate Change Mega-scale Agrofuel drivers Government and corporate subsidy and promotion Fits “Business as usual” policies and paradigms –Year-on-year economic growth –Avoid unpopular “demand reduction” politics Short term “energy security” fix –Less pressure on Oil hotspots – Mid-East/Iraq –Stabilising Oil price? –EU / US “Oil independence” New global mega-industry and infrastructure –agribusiness, biotech, and chemical sectors –refining, tankage and shipping sectors –commodity markets (eg Palm Oil, sugar, corn)