1. Sport

2. Definition of Sport An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment Governed by a set of rules or customs and often undertaken competitively An active pastime; recreation*

3. Personal Holistic development ◦ Develop interest; Leisure ◦ Boost self esteem ◦ Hard work/ Diligence ; Self discipline; Work ethic ◦ Determination and Resilience ◦ Set goals; Achieve excellence; ◦ Teamwork and Leadership ◦ Opportunities Socio-emotional development/Wellbeing Physical wellbeing/ Health benefits

4. A number of world records and Olympic records were set in various events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. 32 world records were broken in eight sports. The largest number of world records was set in swimming, with eight. China, Great Britain and the United States set the most records, with five each.

5. Society/Community/National Citizenship and collective identity ◦ Sport becomes a catalyst of national identity and pride, of culture and symbols, of ideology and politics ◦ ‘the Olympics represent a mix of nationalism, internationalism, sport, and human drama unmatched by any other event’. Sport as a unifier ◦ Sport diplomacy may transcend cultural differences and bring people together.

6. Rower Saiyidah Aisyah on winning gold for Singapore: This means the world to me

7. Colombia team gets hero's welcome home after best ever performance at WC

8. Major International Sport Event Baseball: World Baseball Classic, Baseball World Series Basketball: NBA Finals Cricket: International Cricket Council (ICC) World Cup Cycling: Tour de France Golf: British Open, US Open, US PGA Football: Super Bowl Swimming: FINA World Championships Tennis : Wimbledon, US Open, Australian Open, French Open

9. International Multi-sport Event The European Games are a proposed multi-sport event to be held among athletes from all over Europe. The Games were designed and are to be regulated by the European Olympic Committees. The inaugural European Games are scheduled to be held in Baku, Azerbaijan, in 2015. The Youth Olympic Games is an international multi- sport event, held every four years for athletes aged 14 to 18.

10. Possible Classifications Sport and Politics Sport and Identity Sport, TV and Commercialisation Sport, Ethics and Role Model Sport and Technology Sport and Environment Sport and Law/Legal Sport and Discrimination

11. Hosting Major Sporting Events Hosting a major event leaves locals with improved facilities Hosting sports events can be very expensive but many cities and countries compete to be awarded the football World Cup, the Commonwealth Games, the Olympics and a number of other competitions.

12. Pros vs Cons Advantages of hosting a major sporting event Disadvantages of hosting a major sporting event Improved statusHigh cost of improving transport links Increased tourismVulnerability to terrorism Improved infrastructure - roads, rail links, accommodation (housing) Risk of complaints about the organisation Improved sports facilitiesHuge financial gamble - it may make a huge loss Financial profit may be madeSecurity concerns

13. Improved Status Raising the profile of a city/country Altering perceptions ◦ For a country like China with a controversial human rights record, hosting a major sporting event can be a way to gain greater international acceptance. ◦ When South Africa hosted the Rugby World Cup and later the Football World Cup, it was a defining moment in highlighting the new ‘post-apartheid’ South Africa.

14. Negative Publicity Beijing Olympic A variety of concerns over the Games, or China's hosting of the Games, had been expressed by various entities, including I.Allegations that China violated its pledge to allow open media access, various alleged human rights violations II.Its continuous support of repressive regimes (such as Zimbabwe, Burma, Sudan and North Korea) III.Air pollution in both the city of Beijing and in neighbouring areas IV.Warnings of the possibility that the Beijing Olympics could be targeted by terrorist groups, disruption from pro-Tibetan protesters, and religious persecutions, V.Proposed boycotts

15. Long-term Investment A significant benefit is the long-term investment which comes from preparing for a major event. ◦ The city / country will have a legacy of improved sporting venues. Also, cities will usually have to invest in infrastructure and transport to cater for influx of cities ◦ Cities which host these events can be assured of an increase in recognition and tourism.

16. Unfulfilled Promises High cost of building stadiums ◦ To host a major sporting event can cost significant sums, which have to be paid for by the taxpayers. Short-term use ◦ White elephant ◦ Many facilities built for the Olympics can never be fully used again. e.g. an 80,000 athletic stadium will rarely be full outside of the Olympics. ◦ This can be mitigated by careful planning. e.g. the London Olympic stadium will be used by West Ham, other Olympic facilities, like the Olympic village will be converted into affordable housing.

17. “Aside from a few maintenance men on the roof, one of Africa’s most beautiful stadiums now sits empty and forgotten in the Atlantic Ocean breezes. Less than five years after being built for the World Cup, the $600-million Cape Town Stadium is largely abandoned.”

18. Acts of Terrorism Interplay between sport and terrorism Terrorists constantly seek the spotlight and attacking major sporting events constitutes a seemingly perfect springboard for global notoriety Run the risk of spectacles of sport being turned into mass casualty events

19. Acts of Terrorism The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September which had ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization. Eleven athletes, coaches and judges were murdered by the terrorists.

20. Togo Football Team Ambushed On 8 January 2010, the Togo national team bus was attacked by gunmen as it travelled through the Angolan province of Cabinda for the Africa Cup of Nations Three people were killed and nine injured The Angolan separatist guerrilla group Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) has claimed responsibility for the attack. Start of a series of planned actions that will continue to take place in the whole territory of Cabinda.

21. Boycott The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott of the Moscow Olympics was a part of a package of actions initiated by the United States to protest against the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. It preceded the 1984 Summer Olympics boycott carried out by the Soviet Union and other Communist-friendly countries.

22. Role Models Media role models matter ◦ Impressionable children ◦ Spending more time with media Searching for a sense of what is socially acceptable or desirable.

23. Ethics/Sportsmanship An ethical approach to athletics is sportsmanship. Under a sportsmanship model, healthy competition is seen as a means of cultivating personal honor, virtue, and character. It contributes to a community of respect and trust between competitors and in society. The goal in sportsmanship is not simply to win, but to pursue victory with honor by giving one's best effort. Ethics in sport requires four key virtues: fairness, integrity, responsibility, and respect.

24. Gamesmanship The art of winning games by using various ploys and tactics to gain an advantage. Using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired end What is the difference between cunning gamesmanship and cheating?

25. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee, although ethicists have argued that it is not different from the use of new materials in the construction of suits and sporting equipment, which can also aid performance and give competitors an unfair advantage. The reasons for the ban are mainly the health risks of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and the exemplary effect of drug-free sport for the public. Anti-doping authorities state that using performance-enhancing drugs goes against the "spirit of sport".

26. Marion Jones-Thompson During the 2000 Summer Olympic, United States sprinter Marion Jones won 5 medals in the 100 metres, 200 metres, Long jump, 4x100 metres relay and 4x400 metres relay. In 2007, after a lengthy investigation of the BALCO case, Jones admitted in court to having taken performance enhancing drugs (PEDs).

27. Lance Edward Armstrong

28. Eight Olympic badminton players disqualified for 'throwing games'

29. Celebrity Activism Sport celebrities engage in various causes aimed at overcoming various challenges plaguing society Sport celebrities leverage their fame to generate awareness ◦ Sport celebrities have long used their influence to change the world. They have something that others lack, the ability to gain an audience and make a statement to anyone.

30. Racism

31. FIFA recognises its responsibility to lead the way in abolishing all forms of discrimination in football. Article 3 of the FIFA Statutes states: Discrimination of any kind against a Country, private person or group of people on account of race, skin colour, ethnic, national or social origin, gender, language, religion, political opinion or any other opinion, wealth, birth or any other status, sexual orientation or any other reason is strictly prohibited and punishable by suspension or expulsion.

32. Despite Risks, Sochi Athletes Determined To Protest Russian Antigay Law Former U.S. luger and four-time Olympian Cameron Myler she says the controversial Russian legislation, which slaps fines on anyone deemed to engage in "propaganda of non- traditional sexual relations," runs counter to the Olympic spirit. Proposals have included holding hands with fellow athletes of the same sex during opening ceremonies or wearing pins, earrings, nail polish, or other accessories representing the rainbow flag -- an international symbol for LGBT rights.

34. “Sport has the power to change the world. It has the power to inspire. It has the power to unite people in a way that little else does. Sport can awaken hope where there was previously only despair. Sport speaks to people in a language they can understand,” Veteran South African politician Nelson Mandela once said.

35. Can Celebrities Expect Privacy? How much privacy can, and should, celebrities - who make their living in the public eye - expect? Stars frequently take out injunctions against newspapers preventing them from revealing possible indiscretions. The relationship between celebrities and the media is such that, arguably, one cannot exist without the other. Public Demand

36. “By becoming fans, spectators engage in certain kinds of pleasures, fulfilling their own desires through fetishism, voyeurism, and narcissism,“

37. Tiger Woods

38. John Terry

39. Michael Phelps

41. Commercial Professional sports ◦ Sports in which the participants receive payment for playing, as opposed to amateur sports, where they do not. Amateurism celebrates the act of doing something for love and not self-interest. ◦ Professional sports have come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, so that sports organisations or teams can command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sports their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skill, physical condition and experience to modern levels of achievement.