1. Automatic Wave Equation Migration Velocity Analysis Peng Shen, William. W. Symes HGRG, Total E&P CAAM, Rice University This work supervised by Dr. Henri Calandra at Total E&P Thank to Dr. Scott Morton at Amerada Hess Corp.

2. Velocity Analysis The coefficients of wave equation (relevant to imaging) are separable –Long scale –Short scale Challenges –Nonlinear effect –Coupling of long scale and short scale –Multiple

3. Methods of Velocity Analysis Data domain objectives –Waveform inversion –Stereotomography Image domain objectives –WE-Migration forward, ray tracing inverse –WE-Migration forward, WE-Migration inverse

4. Outline Theory –Objective function –Gradient Calculation Physical meaning Smoothing –Aliasing Examples –Angle ~ Offset –Reconstruct short scale and large scale variations

5. Generalized Born Modeling Reflection occurs instantaneously with no separation in space. Reflection occurs instantaneously separated by a finite distance. Do not require to use the true velocity.

6. Subsurface Image Measure

7. Example Data generated with caustic, migrated using correct and background velocity.

8. Differential Semblance Offset domain: Angle domain: Pseudo-differential operator of The objective function is smooth in velocity and is suitable for automatic velocity updating (Stolk & Symes, 2003).

9. Gradient Calculation Offset: Angle:

10. Gradient: Physical Meaning Single scattering, constructive interference occurs at zero offset.

11. Gradient: Physical Meaning “Two scatterings”, constructive interference occurs on ray segments.

12. Smoothing Problem –The raw gradient is singular with full data bandwidth. Solution –Confine the velocity model to the space of B-splines. Controlled degree of smoothness Compactly supported basis Implication –Projection to B-spline model space. –B : forward interpolation - sparse dense –B*: adjoint projection - sparse dense

13. Example Flat reflector, constant velocity Projected gradient using BB* for one shot The gradient + B-spline projection reconstructs wide ray paths which are controlled by the degree of smoothness supplied.

14. Optimization on B-spline space

15. Aliasing We care not only the image in zero offset but also its move-out in non-zero offsets. There are many non-zero offset aliasing effects. –Data pre-conditioning. –Acquisition edge effect.

16. Kinematics

17. Kinematics of Image in Offset u<cu=cu>c

18. Examples

19. Anti-aliasing Aliasing reduced but loose some imageStrong aliasing

20. Examples Born data Full data with rough model Initial model construction Optimization starting with v(z)

21. Born Data Examples Smooth Marmousi velocity model, singular reflectivity, one-way wave simulation, acquisition full spread, receiver dense on surface.

22. Starting Model Starting model, large horizontal scales, assumed to be obtainable through conventional velocity analysis tools. Optimization: 150m x 200m B-spline grid.

23. Initial Image

24. Optimized Image Optimized image using angle domain DSO. Optimized image using offset domain DSO.

25. Optimized Velocity Optimized using angle domain DSO. Optimized using offset domain DSO.

26. Initial Angle and Offset Gathers Top: offset gathers, bottom: angle gathers

27. Optimized Gathers (angle driven) Top: offset gathers (not used in the optimization), bottom: angle gathers.

28. Optimized Gathers (offset driven) Top: offset gathers, bottom: angle gathers (not used in the optimization)

29. Velocity Difference Difference between optimized velocity and the projected true velocity (optimized by angle DSO). Difference between optimized velocity and the projected true velocity (optimized by offset DSO).

30. Rough Marmousi Model Data generated using full wave equation simulation, acquisition split spread, receiver spacing 25m, receiver array across entire surface. Optimization: offset driven, B-spline grid 120m by 22m.

31. Initial Velocity and Image Initial velocity model, corresponds to B-spline grid 900m by 300m. Initial image

32. Optimized Velocity and Image Optimized velocity at 99 th iterationOptimized image at 99 th iteration

33. Optimized Velocity and Image Optimized velocity at 49 th iterationOptimized image at 49 th iteration The optimization is stable and convergent.

34. Obtain a Starting Model A v(z) starting model. Optimization: run up to 10Hz, coarse B-spline grid 800m by 400m, 500m by 200m.

35. Optimized Velocity 800m by 400m, DSO optimized.Projected from the true model. 500m by 200m, DSO optimized.Projected from the true model.

36. Null Space Optimized image at 20 th iteration.Optimized image at 49 th iteration.

37. Starting with v(z) Velocity Start from v(z) velocity model, increase frequency and spatial resolution in two steps.

38. Conclusions The angle domain DSO is not superior to offset domain DSO. The velocity analysis within migration is a promising direction to pursue. The adjoint-differential-migration provides an ideal platform for AWEMVA.