1. Finding a Trade Route to Asia
Why did Europeans decide to try and find a trade route West to Asia?
What advancements lead to increased navigation of the world?
How was math vital to the European Explorers during the 15th and 16th centuries?

2. The Age of Discovery Two major directions:
Europeans subjugated most of Americas politically, socially, and economically
In Asia, economic control was more common with the Asiatic empires left untouched
Competition resulted in war and worldwide clashes
A sense of global economy

3. Voyages of Exploration

4. Technological Advancements
Travelers from China returned with the compass
New ruddereasier steering
More accurate maps
Printing pressmaps and travel guides
Visitors from China brought gunpowder to Europeused to suppress Indians
Astrolabelatitude and longitude

5. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

6. New Weapons Technology

7. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

8. Motives for European Exploration
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  spread Christianity.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Fame and fortune.

9. The Portuguese Go First!
Prince Henry “the Navigator” explored Africa’s coast in search of gold, slaves, and route to Asia
Portugal swapped goods with African tribal chiefs for slaves
Portuguese: exploration of African coast, leading to sea-route around Africa to Asian spice markets; African slave trade

10. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

11. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Bartolomeo Dias,
Reached Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Established Portuguese in Calicutta, India
Pedro Cabral, 1500
Touched Brazil
Amerigo Vespucci, 1499
Sailed along the coast of South America

13. Spanish Voyages of Columbus
On Oct. 12, 1492 Columbus landed in the Bahamas and believed he was in Japan based upon a map by Marco Polo
Columbus, 1492: thought Cuba was Japan & South America--China
On third trip in 1498, Columbus realized he was not in Asia when greeted by the Taino Indians
Believing he was in the East Indies he called them “indians” and the name stuck

14. Columbus’ Four Voyages

15. Spanish Maritime Empire
Vasco de Balboa, 1513
Discovered Pacific Ocean
Hernando Cortes, 1519
Gathered wealth from Mexico
Ferdinand Magellan,
His ships sailed around the world
Francisco Pizarro, 1528
Captured wealth from the Incas of Peru

16. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

17. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

18. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

19. Spanish Empire in the New World
Aztec Empire(Mexico) and Incan Empire (Peru) dominated central and South America
Cortes defeated Montezuma II and Pizzaro defeated Atahualpa
Montezuma II
Atahualpa

20. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

21. Impact on Europe
Mining for gold and silver and agriculture led to revenue for Spain
New ideas on civilization and religion spread
New industries and inventions flourished due to profits from the New World
consequences: 300+ years of overseas Spanish empire; Europe’s largest and longest-lived trading bloc; biological impact of exchanging plant & animal species, diseases; Native American devastation

22. The Church in Spanish America
the conquerors wanted to convert the captured native people to Christianity and to accept European culture
some religious leaders felt the natives were being treated poorly such as Bartolome de Las Casas
despite the opposition the Roman Catholic Church becomes one of the most powerful conservative forces in Latin America

23. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542

24. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

25. Latin America Exploitation
mining – the Spanish conquistadores or conquerors mined gold and silver with forced labor
agriculture – on haciendas, large land estates owned by the peninsulares (people born in Spain) and creoles (people of Spanish descent born in America) used forced labor for mining, farming and ranching
plantations in the West Indies used slaves to get sugar
economic activity in government offices, the legal profession, and shipping

26. Cont’d labor servitude in order of appearance
encomienda – a formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians
repartimiento – required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises
debt peonage – Indian laborers required to purchase goods from the landowner to who they were forever indebted
black slavery

27. European Empires in the Americas

28. Impact in Europe
at first condemned for the treatments of the native populations, Columbus and other explorers are hailed 300 years later for opening up the world to new civilizations
influx of spices and precious metals increases inflation in Europe
new wealth however increased the expansion of printing, shipping, mining, textile, and weapons industries

29. What was the social, religious, and economical impact of Columbus’ and others exploration?

30. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

31. New Colonial Rivals