1. FVCC Fire Rescue
Water Supply

3. OBJECTIVES
Identify the guidelines to follow when deploying a portable water tank. (3-3.14)
Identify the equipment necessary for the transfer of water between portable water tanks. (3-3.14)

4. OBJECTIVES
Identify the guidelines to follow when loading and offloading tankers/tenders on mobile water supply apparatus. (3-3.14)
Identify the water distribution system and other water sources in the local community. (3-3.14)

5. OBJECTIVES
Identify the following parts of a water distribution system: (3-3.14)
Primary feeders
Secondary feeders
Distributors
Identify the operation of the following: ( )
Dry barrel hydrant
Wet barrel hydrant
Dry hydrant

6. OBJECTIVES
Identify how the following conditions reduce hydrant effectiveness: (3-3.14)
Obstructions to use of hydrants
Direction of hydrant outlets to suitability of use
Mechanical damage
Rust and corrosion

7. OBJECTIVES
Failure to open the hydrant fully
Susceptibility to freezing
Identify apparatus, equipment and appliances required to provide water at rural locations by a mobile water supply apparatus shuttle. (3-3.14)

8. OBJECTIVES
Identify the procedure for connecting a supply hose to a hydrant and fully open and close the hydrant. ( )
Identify the procedure for hydrant to pumper hose connections forward and reverse lays (3-3.14)

9. OBJECTIVES
Identify the procedure assembling and connecting the equipment necessary for drafting from a static water supply source. (3-3.14)
Identify the procedure for the deployment of a portable water tank. (3-3.14)

10. OBJECTIVES
Identify the procedure for assembling the equipment necessary for the transfer of water between portable tanks.
Demonstrate connecting a supply hose to a hydrant and fully open and close the hydrant.

11. OBJECTIVES
Demonstrate hydrant to pumper hose connections for forward and reverse hose lays. (3-3.14(b))
Demonstrate assembling and connecting the equipment necessary for drafting from a static water supply source. (3-3.14(b))

12. OBJECTIVES
Demonstrate the deployment of a portable water tank. (3-3.14(b))
Demonstrate assembling the equipment necessary for the transfer of water between portable tanks. (3-3.14(b))
IFSTA, Essentials, 4th ed, Chapter 10
Delmar, Firefighter’s Handbook, copyright 2000, Chapter 18

13. HISTORY OF WATER SYSTEMS
VS 11-1
HISTORY OF WATER SYSTEMS
Wells and Reservoirs
Aqueduct
Log Pipes
Bucket Brigade
Wooden Main
Plug

14. DEPLOYING A PORTABLE WATER TANK
Place heavy tarp on ground to protect liner.
Position tanks to permit access from multiple directions.
Position tank drain downhill, if possible.

16. EQUIPMENT NEEDED Heavy tarp Portable tank Low level strainer
Hard suction
Jet siphon if multiple tanks will be used

24. LOADING & OFFLOADING TANKERS/TENDERS
Use best hydrant or fill site
Use large or multiple hoselines
Use pumper, if needed, for adequate flow

25. LOADING & OFFLOADING TANKERS/TENDERS
Position portable tankers/tenders to permit more than one tanker to dump.
Provide adequate personnel so tanker driver does not have to exit cab.
Select site so vehicles do a minimum of backing.

29. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Source of supply
Ground water
Water wells
Water producing springs
Surface
Rivers
Lakes
Reservoirs
Swimming pools

30. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Primary feeders
Large pipes (mains) with relatively widespread spacing, that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains.

33. COMPONENTS OF MODERN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
VS 11-2
COMPONENTS OF MODERN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 2. 1.
Source
Treatment Facility 4. 3.
Means of Moving Water
Distribution
System

34. WATER MOVEMENT METHODS
VS 11-3
WATER MOVEMENT METHODS
Direct Pumping
Gravity
Combination
Pumping
& Gravity

35. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Secondary feeders
Network of intermediate-sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of the primary feeder system and aid the concentration of the required fire flow at any point.
Distributors
Grid arrangement of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers.

36. RECOMMENDED WATER MAIN SIZES
VS 11-5
RECOMMENDED WATER MAIN SIZES
6-Inch
(150 mm)
12-Inch
(300 mm)
8-Inch
(200 mm)
Principle Streets
& Long Mains
Business
& Industrial
Residential

37. FLOW THROUGH DIFFERENT PIPE SIZES
VS 11-6
FLOW THROUGH DIFFERENT PIPE SIZES
Carrying Capacity of Water Mains
Static Pressure = 50 psi (350 kPa)
Residential Pressure = 20 psi (140 kPa)
1,000 Feet of 4-Inch Main
255 gpm
(965 L/min)
(300 m of 100 mm Main)
1,000 Feet of 6-Inch Main
(300 m of 150 mm Main)
740 gpm
(2 801 L/min)
1,000 Feet of 48-Inch Main
(300 m of 200 mm Main)
1,575 gpm
(5 962 L/min)
1,000 Feet of 12-Inch Main
(300 m of 300 mm Main)
4,650 gpm
( L/min)

38. OPERATION OF HYDRANTS Dry barrel hydrant
Common in climates where freezing weather is expected.
Hydrant is empty when closed and not in use.
Drain on hydrant is open, when not in use, to remain empty.
Valve, holding back water, is below frost line.
Usually constructed of cast iron, but important working parts usually made of bronze.

40. OPERATION OF HYDRANTS Wet barrel hydrant
May be used only in areas where no freezing weather is expected.
Hydrant is always filled with water.
May have one or more compression valves.
Usually constructed of cast iron, but important working parts usually made of bronze.

42. OPERATION OF HYDRANTS Dry hydrant
Is a connection point for drafting from a static water source
Pipe system with a pumping suction connection at one end and strainer at the other
Used primarily in rural areas with no water system.

47. HYDRANT EFFECTIVENESS
Obstructions to use of hydrants
Sign posts
Utility pole
Fences
Parking zones
Landscaping

48. HYDRANT EFFECTIVENESS
Direction of hydrant outlets to suitability of use.
Facing proper direction for pumper to hydrant connections
Sufficient clearing between the outlets and ground for hose connections
Mechanical damage
Rust and corrosion
Failure to open the hydrant fully
Susceptibility to freezing

49. APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES
Requirements
Water supply must be capable of maintaining the desired volume of water required for the duration of the incident.
Relay must be established quickly enough to be worthwhile.

50. APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES
Number of pumpers needed and distance between pumpers is determined by:
Volume of water needed
Distance between water source and fire scene
Hose size available
Amount of hose available
Pumper capacities
Knowledge of correct friction loss

51. APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES
Supplemental equipment:
Strainers
Pumps
Suction hose
Flotation device

52. APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES
Key components
Attack apparatus at the fire (dump site)
Fill apparatus at fill site
Mobile water supply apparatus (tankers/tenders) to haul water from fill site to dump site
Portable tank(s)
Tarps
Low level intake devices (strainers)
Jet siphons (if multiple tanks will be used)

53. CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT
Small intake hose-hydrant connection
Remove intake hose(s), hydrant wrench and other required tools from pumper.
Unroll the hose(s).
Connect the hose(s) to the pumper.
Place the hydrant wrench on the hydrant valve stem operating nut with the handle pointing away from the outlet(s).
Remove the appropriate cap(s)

54. CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT
Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge(s)
Connect the hose(s) to the hydrant, using any adapters that may be necessary
Fully open the hydrant

55. CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT
Soft sleeve hydrant connection
Remove intake hose, hydrant wrench and other required tools from the pumper.
Unroll the hose.
Connect the hose to the pumper.
Place the hydrant wrench on the hydrant valve stem operating nut with the handle pointing away from the outlet.
Remove the appropriate cap.

56. CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT
Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge.
Connect the hose to the hydrant, using any adapters that may be necessary
Fully open the hydrant

57. CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT
Hard suction hydrant connection
Caution: Some light weight hard suction are designed for drafting only and should NOT be connected to a hydrant.
Firefighter #1
Check to see booster tank valve is closed.
Remove the pump intake cap
Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper
Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper.
Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the hydrant
Fully open the hydrant.

58. CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT
Firefighter #2
Remove the hydrant wrench and adapter (if necessary) from the pumper
Remove the hydrant outlet cap
Place the hydrant wrench on the hydrant valve stem
Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge.

59. CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT
Place the adapter on the 4 ½ inch outlet, if necessary.
Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper
Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper
Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the hydrant.

60. FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Reverse Lay Firefighter at the scene
Pull off sufficient hose to reach the intake of the pumper
Anchor the hose
Signal pumper operator to proceed to the water source
Apply a hose clamp when safe to do so

61. FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Firefighter at the water source
Pull the remaining length of the last section of hose from the hose bed.
Disconnect the coupling and return the male coupling to the hose bed.
Connect the supply hose to a discharge valve.

63. FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Forward Lay Firefighter at the hydrant
Pull sufficient hose to reach the platform.
Approach the hydrant and loop the hose around it.
Place your foot on the hose.
Signal the operator to proceed.
Place the hydrant wrench on the valve stem operating nut
Remove the appropriate cap(s) from the hydrant.
Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge
Connect the supply hose to the outlet closest to the fire.
Charge the hoseline by fully opening the hydrant, when instructed to do so

64. FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Firefighter at the scene Apply a hose clamp
Pull the remaining length of the last section of hose from the hose bed
Disconnect the coupling and return the female coupling to the hose bed
Connect the supply hose to an intake
Signal for the hoseline to be charged
Remove the hose clamp

66. DRAFTING FROM A STATIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCE
Firefighter #1
Check to see booster tank valve is closed
Remove the pump intake cap
Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper
Assist with connection of the strainer to the hard suction

67. DRAFTING FROM A STATIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCE
Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper
Assist with placing hard suction in water source
Tighten all connections prior to drafting

68. DRAFTING FROM A STATIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCE
Firefighter #2
Remove strainer and an adapter (if necessary) from the pumper
Place the adapter on the 4 ½ inch outlet if necessary
Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper
Assist with connection of the strainer to the hard suction
Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper
Assist with placing hard suction in water source.

70. DEPLOYMENT OF PORTABLE WATER TANK
Place heavy tarp on ground to protect liner.
Position tanks to permit access from multiple directions
Position tank to drain downhill, if possible

71. DEPLOYMENT OF PORTABLE WATER TANK
Guidelines for loading and unloading:
Loading
Use best hydrant or fill site
Use large or multiple hoseline(s)
Use pumper, if needed, for adequate flow
Unloading
Position portable tanks to permit more than one tanker to dump
Provide adequate personnel so tanker driver does not have to exit the cab
Select site so vehicles do a minimum of backing

72. TRANSFER OF WATER BETWEEN PORTABLE TANKS
Jet siphons
Tank connecting devices

73. TYPES OF VALVES VS 11-7 Gate Valve (Nonindicating) Outside Screw
And Yoke
(OS&Y)
Post
Indicator
Butterfly

74. TS 11–11
FRICTION LOSS
That part of the total pressure lost as water moves through a piping system or hose

75. INCREASED FRICTION LOSS
VS 11-8
Sediment and Debris
Incrustation from Mineral Deposits

76. TS 11–12
KINDS OF PRESSURE
Static pressure — Stored potential energy available to force water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters
Normal operating pressure — Pressure found in a water distribution system during periods of normal consumption demand
Residual pressure — Pressure left in a distribution system at a specific location when a quantity of water is flowing
Flow pressure — Forward velocity pressure at a discharge opening while water is flowing

77. VS 11–1
WATER PRESSURE
Static Pressure
Residual Pressure
Flow Pressure

78. Homework
Match to their correct definitions, terms associated with water supply. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
1. A fire hydrant that receives water from two or more directions
2. Valve that does not visually show whether the valve seat is open, closed, or partially closed
3 . A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction
4. Valve that visually shows whether the gate or valve seat is open, closed, or partially closed
5. That part of the total pressure lost as water moves through a piping system or hose
a. Dead-end hydrant
b. Friction loss
c. Hydrant with circulating feed
d. Indicating valve
e. Nonindicating valve

79. Homework 9.___ Residential hydrant supply
6. ___ Used by most communities; combines direct pumping and gravity
systems.
7. ___ Uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation than the
distribution system
8. ___ Water is forced into distribution system from a series of pumps
a. Direct pumping b. Gravity system C. Combination system
9.___ Residential hydrant supply
10. __ Business and industrial districts
11. __ Long mains and those used on principal streets
a. 12 inch b. 8 inch C. 6 inch

80. Homework Distributor Hydrant Primary Feeder Secondary Feeder 12. 13.
14.
15.

81. Homework 17. ___ 16. ___ 18. ___ 19. ___ a. Butterfly Valve
b. OS&Y Valve
c. Non-indicating Gate Valve
d. Post Indicator Valve
16. ___
17. ___
18. ___
19. ___

82. TYPES OF FIRE HYDRANTS VS 11-9 Dry Barrel Wet Barrel Stem Nut
Hose Outlet
And
Valve Seal
Operating Stem
Operating Stem
Automatic
Check
Main Valve
Drain Hole

83. Homework
Distinguish between wet-barrel and dry-barrel fire hydrants. Write A before characteristics of wet- barrel hydrants and B before characteristics of dry-barrel hydrants.
20. ___ Used in climates where freezing is expected
21. ___ Usually have compression-type valve at each outlet
22. ___ May have central valve located in the hydrant bonnet
23. ___ Usually classified as compression, gate, or knuckle-joint type
24. ___ Barrel always filled with water to the valves near the discharges
25. ___ Drains through a small valve at the bottom of the hydrant
26. ___ Valve holding back the water is below ground and anticipated frost
line
27. ___ May open with pressure or against pressure
28. ___ When hydrant is closed, barrel from top of hydrant to the valve is
empty of water
29. ___ Used in areas that do not have freezing weather

84. Homework
Select facts about water shuttling and relay pumping. Write the correct letters on the blanks.
30. What is the term for raising water from a static water source to supply a pumper?
a. Drafting b. Relaying c. Shuttling d. Siphoning
31. What rule of thumb may be used for placing a strainer at an effective depth?
a. Ensure 12 inches of water above and below the strainer
b. Ensure 6 inches of water above and below the strainer
c. Ensure 24 inches of water above and below the strainer
d. Ensure 18 inches of water above and below the strainer
32. Which of the following alternative sources of water requires strainers on hard-suction lines?
a. Swimming pool b. Private industrial water system Farm pond d. Storage tank
33. What is the shallowest level of water from which strainers can draw?
a. 1 to 2 inches to 4 inches c. 5 to 6 inches d. 7 to 8 inches

85. Homework 34. Which is the recommended distance for water shuttling?
Greater than ⅜ mile b. Greater than ½ mile
c. Greater than ⅝ mile d. Greater than ¾ mile
35. Where should water supply officers be positioned for efficient water shuttles?
a. At the fill site b. At the dump site
c. At a point midway between the fill site and the dump site
d. At both the fill site and the dump site
36. Which is generally the most efficient means of connecting portable tanks?
a. Plain siphon c. Jet siphon
b. Commercial tank-connecting device d. Hydro-Pac
37. What minimum fill rate for apparatus on level ground does the NFPA standard require?
a. 750 gpm b. 1,000 gpm c. 1,250 gpm d. 1,500 gpm
38. Who determines the distance between pumpers in relay pumping?
a. The driver of the apparatus at the source
b. The driver of the attack apparatus
c. The driver of the relay apparatus
d. An appointed water supply officer

86. HYDRANT INSPECTION VS 11–2 • No Obstructions
• Outlets Facing Correctly
• Adequate Clearance from Ground
• No Physical Damage
• Little Rust or Corrosion
• Paint in Condition
• No Caps Painted Closed
• Operating Nut Easily Turned
• Full Flow
• Ability to Drain
• No Erosion at Base

87. TS 11–4
USING A PITOT TUBE
Method 1: Grasping pitot tube just behind the blade with the first two fingers and thumb of the left hand while holding air chamber with right hand
Method 2: Splitting left hand fingers around gauge outlet and placing left side of left fist on the edge of hydrant outlet

88. READING THE PITOT
VS 11–3 D D
D = ½ x Outlet Diameter

89. USING WATER FLOW TABLES
VS 11–4

90. HYDRANT FLOW COLOR CODES
VS 11–5
HYDRANT FLOW COLOR CODES
Hydrant Class
Color
Flow
1,500 gpm
(5 680 L/min)
or greater
Class AA
Light Blue
1,000-1,499 gpm
(3 785 L/min to
5 675 L/min
Class A
Green
gpm
(1 900 L/min to
3 780 L/min)
Class B
Orange
Less than 500 gpm
(1 900 L/min)
Red
Class C

91. Homework
Match to their correct definitions terms associated with flow and pressure. Write the correct letters on the blanks.
39. __ Pressure left at a specific location in water-distribution system when a quantity of water is flowing
40. __ Pressure or velocity of water coming from a discharge opening
41. __ Pressure in water-distribution system before the flow hydrant is opened
42. __ Pressure in water-distribution system during normal consumption demands
Flow pressure b) Normal operating pressure
c) Residual pressure d) Static pressure

92. Homework
43. __ Hydrant locations should not be spaced more than ___ feet apart in high-value districts
A b c d. 600
44. __ Hydrants are usually placed near each street intersection, with intermediate hydrants where distances between intersections exceed ___ to ___ feet
a. 100 to b. 250 to c. 300 to d. 350 to 400

93. 45.___ 46. ___ 47. ___ 48.___ Class AA Light Blue Class A Green
a. Less than 500 gpm
b gpm
c. 1,000-1,499 gpm
d. 1,500 gpm
45.___
Class AA
Light Blue
Class A
Green
46. ___
Class B
47. ___
Orange
48.___
Red
Class C