1. Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function

2. Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glycoprotein Carbohydrate Microfilaments of cytoskeleton Cholesterol Integral protein Peripheral proteins CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Glycolipid Overview: Life at the Edge The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings.

3. Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glycoprotein Carbohydrate Microfilaments of cytoskeleton Cholesterol Integral protein Peripheral proteins CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Glycolipid

4. Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER Phospholipids, the most abundant lipid in membranes, are “amphipathic” molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

5. Hydrophilic region of protein Hydrophobic region of protein Phospholipid bilayer The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it.

6. The Fluidity of Membranes Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer. Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally. Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane. Lateral movement (~10 7 times per second) Flip-flop (~ once per month)

7. Membranes must be fluid to work properly. Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid that those rich in saturated fatty acids. The Fluidity of Membranes (continued) Viscous Fluid Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks Saturated hydrocarbon tails without kinks

8. As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state. The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids. The Fluidity of Membranes (continued) Liquid Crystal Crystal Normal Temperature Low Temperature At lower temperatures, membranes undergo a transition to a crystalline state in which fatty acid tails are fully extended, packing is highly ordered, and van der Waals interactions between adjacent chains are maximal.

9. The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures. At warm temperatures, cholesterol restrains movement of phospholipids. At cool temperatures, cholesterol maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing. The Fluidity of Membranes (continued)

10. A membrane is a collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer. Proteins in the membrane can drift within the bilayer. Proteins are larger than lipids and move more slowly. The Fluidity of Membranes (continued) To investigate whether membrane proteins move, researchers fused a mouse cell and a human cell. Membrane proteins Mixed proteins after 1 hour Hybrid cell Human cell Mouse cell

11. EXTRACELLULAR SIDE N-terminus C-terminus CYTOPLASMIC SIDE  Helix The hydrophobic regions of an integral protein consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices.

12. Membrane Proteins and Their Functions 1. Transport 2. Enzymatic activity 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell-cell recognition 5. Intercellular joining 6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix Six major functions of membrane proteins:

13. Glyco- protein Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extra- cellular matrix (ECM) Enzymes Signal Receptor ATP Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction

14. The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates Cells recognize each other by binding to surface molecules, often carbohydrates, on the plasma membrane. Membrane carbohydrates may be bonded to lipids (forming glycolipids) or more commonly to proteins (forming glycoproteins).

15. Plasma Membranes Are Selective Permeable A cell must exchange materials with its surroundings, a process controlled by the selectively permeable plasma membrane. Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane easily. Polar molecules and large macromolecules do not cross the membrane easily. Channel proteins called “aquaporins” facilitate the passage of water through the membrane.

16. The plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others.

17. Transport Proteins Transport proteins allow passage of specific substances across the membrane. Channel proteins have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel. Carrier proteins bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane. Channel ProteinCarrier Protein

18. Passive Transport Requires No Energy Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space. Although each molecule moves randomly, diffusion of a population of molecules may exhibit a net movement in one direction. At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross one way as cross in the other direction.

19. Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient, the difference in concentration of a substance from one area to another. No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient. Passive Transport Uses No Energy Net diffusion Equilibrium Net diffusion Equilibrium

20. Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. The direction of osmosis is determined only by a difference in total solute concentration. Lower concentration of solute (sugar) Higher concentration of sugar Same concentration of sugar Selectively permeable mem- brane: sugar mole- cules cannot pass through pores, but water molecules can H2OH2O Osmosis

21. Water Balance of Cells Without Walls Tonicity: the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water Isotonic solution: solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane Hypertonic solution: solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water Hypotonic solution: solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

22. Filling vacuole 50 µm Contracting vacuole The protist Paramecium, which is hypertonic to its pond water environment, has a contractile vacuole that acts as a pump.

23. Water Balance of Cells With Walls Cell walls help maintain water balance. A plant cell in a hypotonic solution swells until the wall opposes uptake; the cell is now turgid (firm). If a plant cell and its surroundings are isotonic, there is no net movement of water into the cell; the cell becomes flaccid (limp), and the plant may wilt. In a hypertonic environment, plant cells lose water; eventually, the membrane pulls away from the wall, a usually lethal effect called plasmolysis.

24. Animal cell Lysed H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Normal Hypotonic solution Isotonic solutionHypertonic solution H2OH2O Shriveled H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Plant cell Turgid (normal) FlaccidPlasmolyzed

25. Facilitated Diffusion Is Aided by Proteins In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins speed movement of molecules across the plasma membrane. Channel ProteinsCarrier Proteins

26. Active Transport Uses Energy Active transport uses energy, usually in the form of ATP, to move substances against their concentration gradient. Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Passive transport ATP Active transport

27. Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein Cotransport occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute. H+H+ ATP Proton pump Sucrose-H + cotransporter Diffusion of H + Sucrose H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ + + + + + + – – – – – –

28. Bulk Transport: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Large macromolecules cross the membrane via vesicles. In exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents. In endocytosis, the cells take in molecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane. ExocytosisEndocytosis