1. Chapter 12 Recovery & Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance

2.  An Urban society  These city states became the centers of Italian political, economic, & social life  Secular spirit  Increasing wealth created new possibilities  Classics  Italian Intellectuals became more interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient world.  Individualism  Revived emphasis on individual ability  Elite Movement  Achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite rather than a mass movement Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance

3.  Use these 5 ideas when looking at art from the period 1)INDIVIDUALISM 2)WORLDLINESS 3)REFORM 4)LEARNING 5)ANTIQUITY 5 ideas of the Renaissance

4. Which of the 5 Ideas of the Renaissance do you see in this painting by Rafael?

5.  Economic Recovery  By the 14 th Century Italian merchants had a flourishing trade  Italians came into contact w/ the Hanseatic League, who controlled trade along the North Sea.  By 1500 more than 80 cities in Northern Europe belonged to the league  The rise of Large centralized states brought a decline to the Hanseatic League  By the start of the 15 th Century Italian trade was flourishing & luxury industries were expanding.  Luxury industries included:  Silk, glassware, metal working & precious stones  New industries also developed in Printing, mining & metallurgy  Mining & Metal working led to the development of Firearms The Making Of Renaissance Society

6.  Florence regained its preeminence in Banking mostly due to the Medici family.  THE HOUSE of MEDICI (de Medici) – was the greatest banking house in Europe.  They were the principal bankers for the papacy  Lorenzo de Medici’s son became POPE LEO X (1513-1521)  The Medici’s influenced politics in Italy & France for many years to come but the Banking House itself collapsed in 1494. (notice the date ?!) Florence, Queen City of the Renaissance

7. Lorenzo de Medici – the Magnificent Piero de Lorenzo de Medici

8. TT he Nobility CC onstituted between 2 & 3 % of the total population. TT hey served as military officers & held important political posts including advisers to the King NN orthern Europe – the flourishing of chivalry began in earnest TT he Book of the Courtier, 1528 by BALDASSARE CASTIGLIONE – in the book he describes 3 basic attributes to the Perfect courtier 1. Nobles should posses an impeccable character (grace, talents & noble birth) 2.As a Knight/Noble they had to have military skill, as well as a Classical education, playing a musical instrument, drawing or painting. 3.They were expected to make good impression: Modest, grace & show their accomplishments w/ humility and live an active life in service to their prince. Class System in Renaissance Italy

9. Courtier Following the Last Royal Edict in 1633 and His Lacquey by Abraham BosseAbraham Bosse

10.  Peasants made up approx. 85-90% of the total population  (exceptions were in Flanders & Urbanized areas of Northern Italy)  By the end of the 15 th century more peasants were becoming legally free. (exceptions were in Eastern Europe, especially Russia,were nobles were able to tie their peasants to the land. Townspeople were the remainder of the 3 rd estate & had their own class divisions PATRICIANS – wealth from capitalistic enterprises, they dominated urban communities economically, socially, & politically PETTY BURGHERS – shop keepers & guild masters GUILD MEMBERS – concerned w/ providing goods & services for consumption UNEMPLOYED – living squalid & miserable lives (made up 30 to 40% of Urban populations) Social Classes of the 3 rd Estate

11.  Slavery was reborn in Spain during the wars between the Christians & Muslims.  Why?  Black Death led Italians to reintroduce slavery.  1363 – Florence gov’t. authorized unlimited importation of foreign slaves  Most slaves were female & came from the Black Sea Region  Bet. 1414 & 1423 10,000 slaves were sold on the Venetian Market.  SLAVERY DIES OUT:  By end of 15 th Century many slaves had been freed by their owners  Turkish take over of the Byzantine Empire closed the Black Sea Slave Markets to the Italians  Bet. 1444 & 1505 the Portuguese imported 140,000 slaves from Africa but by the 16 th century the # of blacks in Europe was very small. Slavery in the Renaissance

12.  Extended family lived together or near each other.  Vendetta – a crime committed by one family member fell on the entire family. Retaliation involved large #’s of people & were bloody. (think of Romeo & Juliet)  Marriages – were arranged to strengthen business or family ties.  The girl had to have a dowry  The size of the dowry was an indication of whether the bride was moving up or down in social status.  Family life  Father/husband was the center of family life. A father’s authority over his children was ABSOLUTE.  Adulthood for children came only when the father went before a judge & formally emancipated them.  Wife managed the household & was bearer of children. (this woman was managing households of 50 to 100 people counting the servants w/ the extended family – like a mini CEO)  Upper Class wives gave birth to MORE children because they did NOT breast feed  10% of women died in child birth  50% of all children died before the age of 20 THE FAMILY IN RENAISSANCE ITALY

13. Romeo & Juliet – fight in the town center ---- Vendetta

14.  Extramarital relationships were the norm for men but some women faced sever consequences  Duke Filippo Visconti of Milan caught his wife having an affair w/ a court musician & had her executed.  Men married for the 1 st time in their 30’s & early 40’s  Women were 16 t0 18 years old  Prostitution – was a common outlet for the men  Florence 1415 – laws regulating communal brothels were passed  Churches had sections for prostitutes who had to wear red hats w/ little tinkling bells on them.

15.  By the 15 th Century 5 major powers dominated the Italian Peninsula 1.Milan 2.Venice 3.Florence 4.The Papal States 5.The Kingdom of Naples  Each of these states ruled the people differently which led to the disparity between northern & southern Italy that exists to this day. Italian States in the Renaissance

17.  MILAN  1447 – The last VISCONTI Duke died & FRANCESCO SFORZA, a Condottieri, took over the city & became the new duke.  His system of taxation generated enormous revenues for the government and allowed business to flourish  Today is the industrial heart of Italy & the fashion capital of the world.  VENICE  Remained under the stable control of a merchant oligarchy.  Its commercial empire brought in so much money that Venice was considered an “International Power”  When Venice tried to expand its territory – Milan & Florence worked together to stop them.  Today Venice is a tourist haven that is falling into the Adriatic.  FLORENCE  Dominated Tuscany (still does)  Governed by a merchant oligarchy (dominated by the Medici)  1434 – COSIMO DE’ MEDICI (1434-1464) Took control of the oligarchy through his lavish patronage & careful courting of political allies.  Cosimo & his grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492) dominated Florence

18. Cosimo De Medici on the left & Lorenzo de Medici on the right

19.  The Papal States  The Great Schism lost some territory of the papal states  Urbino, Bologna, & Ferrara to name a few  During the renaissance the popes tried to reestablish their control over the papal states.  Especially Pope Julius II (1503-1513) who was called the “Warrior Pope” & had special armor made for himself in papal white.  The Kingdom of Naples  The Kingdom of Naples was fought over between the French & Spanish. By the time the wars were over Spain under the House of Aragon won but later in history it went to the Hapsburg Empire of Austria.  The Kingdom of Naples remained a FEUDAL MONARCHY w/ poverty stricken peasants that had no hope of rising in the ranks.

20.  URBINO  Ruled by the MONTEFELTRO family who were also condottiere.  Federigo de Montefeltro (1444-1482) was a good ruler & solider  He could walk in the streets of Urbino w/o bodyguards b/c he was loved by his people.  He was honest & reliable and worked as a condottiere for 3 popes, 2 Dukes of Milan & 2 Kings of Naples  He turned Urbino into one of the well-known centers of Renaissance culture  He married BATTISTA SFORZA, the niece of the Duke of Milan, while he was away she ran the gov’t. she was “respected for governing with firmness & good sense”.  See photo on page 336 of 4 th edition There were a # of independent city states that became centers of Renaissance culture

23.  MANTUA  Under the rule of FRANCESCO GONZAGA, Marquis of Manuta & his wife ISABELLA d’ ESTE (1474-1539), daughter of the Duke of Ferrara.  Isabella was responsible for amassing one of the finest libraries in all of Italy. She was called “the first lady of the world.”  Isabella effectively ruled Mantua & won a reputation as a clever negotiator.  READ PRIM.DOC ON PAGE 337 of the 4 th edition  PEACE OF LODI, 1454  Ended petty wars bet. The city-states until 1494. It was this treaty that established a “BALANCE OF POWER” system in Italy  Milan, Florence & Naples VS Venice & the Papal States

24.  1494 – King Charles VIII of France (R. 1483-1498) invaded Italy & occupied the Kingdom of Naples.  Charles came in at the invitation of LUDOVICO SFORZA, Duke of Milan  Other Italians wanted the French OUT & invited the Spanish to help.  Ferdinand of Aragon was happy to get involved  Spain & France duked it out over Italy for the next 15 years. (1509) Called the Valois- Hapsburg War  1510 – the war picked up again under the leadership of Francis I of France & Charles I of Spain  1527 – Spain's’ Army sacked Rome & brought about Spanish domination France & Spain fight over Italy

25.  B/C of wars in & among the Italian states. Ambassadors were sent out for negotiations.  Instead of keeping peace they were now required to help the political interests of their own state.  MACHIAVELLI & THE NEW STATECRAFT  Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an ambassador for the Republic of Florence.  When the republic was re-conquered by the Medici, Machiavelli & other republicans were sent into exile.  The Prince (1513) – Machiavelli set out to write a book about how political power Really is, and not how it should be. Some of his observations included the following: 1.The Prince is basically self-centered 2.Political activity can not be restricted by Morals 3.The Prince MUST act on behalf of the state & what is best for the state.  Machiavelli is considered the founder of modern, secular power politics. MODERN DIPLOMANCY

27. Dante’s Death Mask---- I couldn’t find one for Machiavelli

28.  Renaissance humanism was a form of education & culture based on the study of the classics.  Most humanists were teachers & professors of rhetoric  Many others served as secretaries to princes, kings, & Popes.  Most Humanists were laymen rather than clergy  PETRACH (1304-1374) “Father of Humanism” (see page 339 in 4 th edition)  He was the FIRST to say the middle ages were a period of Darkness  Pushed the studies of the classics (secular content)  Use of pure classical Latin (Cicero for prose & Virgil for poetry)  Philosophy = to harmonize faith and reason  Cicero was the model for the Humanists  Roman Statesman, philosopher & orator. The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy HUMANISM

29.  New Cicero – a biography of Cicero by LEONARDO BRUNI.(1370-1444)  This book made Cicero the Renaissance ideal of the duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one’s own state. (country)  Humanists believed that the study of the Humanities should be put to the service of the state.  LORENZO VALLA (1407-1457)  1 st Humanist to write literary criticism of ancient texts. He was the secretary to Pope Nicholas V & had permission to read through the Vatican Library.  Donation of Constantine he found to be a forgery. (this is important b/c the Church based much of their temporal power on the Donation of Constantine)  The Elegances of the Latin Language = in this book Valla tried to purify Latin telling the intellectuals that only Latin from the Last Century of the Roman Republic and from the 1 st Century of the Roman Empire should be used for pure translations of ancient works.  (There are primary documents on pages 340,&341 in the 4 th Ed text & on pages 190 to 192 in Vol. 1 of the document book you should read)

30. PP OGGIO BRACCIOLINI (1380-1459) – was a papal secretary for 50 years where he collected classical manuscripts. HH e was responsible for finding many lost documents HH e was BEST known for his collection of witty stories titled FACETIAE HH UMANISM & PHILOSOPHY FF LORENTINE PLATONIC ACADEMY - patron by Cosimo d’ Medici MM ARSILIO FICINO (1433-1499) – was commissioned by Medici to translate Plato’s Work. FF icino pushed Plato’s philosophy known as “Neo Platonism” in Renaissance Italy. NN eo-Platonism is based on: HH ierarchy of substances HH umans are the link between the material world & the spiritual world TT heory of spiritual love AA ll parts of the universe are held together by bonds of Sympathetic Love FF icino also translated a Greek work titled Corpus Hermeticum (loosely translated = body of mysticism) into Latin. TT his manuscript stressed 2 types of writings:

31. 1.The Occult Sciences Astrology, alchemy & magic 2.Theological & philosophical beliefs & speculations DDivinity was embodied in All aspects of nature, heavenly bodies & earthly objects. TThe Hermetic revival offered a new view of human kind HHumans were created by divine power & chose to become human TThrough a regenerative experiences (purification) humans could regain their knowledge of God and Truth SSages & Magi FFicino was a magi (so he said) so was his friend and student – Mirandola GGIOVANNI PICO della MIRANDOLA – wrote the 900 Conclusions. TThe 900 was meant to be a summation of all learning. IIn the preface to the 900 C… was the ORATION ON THE DIGNIGTY OF MAN (see doc. On pg. 343 4 th ed) MMirandola believed in unlimited human potential

32. VV ittorino de Feltre (1378-1440) founded one of the most famous schools in MANTUA. GG ian Francesco I Gonzaga wanted a school for his children TT he school was based on Humanist beliefs. SS tudies were the Humanities AA typical day included studies in: HH istory, Moral Philosophy, grammar, Logic (Letters), poetry, math, astronomy, music, Latin, Greek, Physical education. Plus the students had to attend Mass every day & be reverent in word and deed. FF ew girls attended schools for those that did they were discouraged from learning mathematics & rhetoric but they took the following classes: HH istory, how to ride a horse, dancing, singing, playing the lute & how to appreciate poetry. 22 famous humanist women were: II sotta Nogarola who won praise for her letters & treatises on Latin CC assandra Fedele of Venice who became famous for her public recitations in Latin & Greek. HH umanist schools provided the model for the basic education of the European Ruling Class until the 21 st Century. EDUCATION

33. HHumanists were responsible for secularizing history. LLeonardo Bruni wrote : History of the Florentine People JJacob Wimpheling wrote: On the Excellence & Magnificence of the Germans BBoth men deemphasized the role of God in historical texts. They stressed political forces &/or the role of the individual in history. FFrancesco Guicciardini (1483-1540)- analyzed political situations & his works relied heavily on examples & documentary sources. His books include: HHISTORY OF ITALY HHISTORY OF FLORENCE HUMANISM & HISTORY

34. TThe development of the printing press w/ movable type was a gradual process that culminated between 1445 & 1450 JJOHANNES GUTENBERG of Mainz completed his Bible in 1455-56 – this was the FIRST real book to be produced from movable type. BBy 1500 there were more than 1,000 printers & 40,000 published titles. 550% were religious books (Bibles) TThe other 50% were made up of books in Latin & Greek, grammars, legal hand books, philosophy & ……… RROMANCES TThe printing of books encouraged the development of scholarly research The Impact of Printing

35.  Sister Wendy’s episode of Renaissance Art will describe in detail some of the art from the period.  The following slides are for you to see some of the most famous Renaissance art work. THE ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE

36. This is an example of Northern Renaissance work. Janeyck and Wife Looking at the pic you wouldn’t know it’s their engagement picture since she looks pregnant to me. What about to You? Look in the Mirror in the background. You can see the artist painting them from there.

38. LEONARDO da VINCI Painted the “Last Supper” on the dining room wall of a monastery using a new technique. The painting has been falling apart ever since & is in constant repair. Painted the “Mona Lisa” we are still discovering things about the mysterious Mona Lisa ---- the veil on her head represents that she just gave birth. The smile & the eyes are world famous since they follow you around the room where she hangs.

39. Botticelli’s Birth of Venus

40. David By Donatello Compare to Michelangelo's David Medium? Size? Before/after battle?

41. From a bad piece of Marble that no one wanted to work with Michelangelo created this David

43. Sistine Chapel Ceiling & Walls by Michelangelo

44. The Creation of Adam Center of ceiling in the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo

45. The PIETA Sits in St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome Michelangelo

46. The Last Judgment By Michelangelo In the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo finished this when he was an old man at the end of the Renaissance. The type of work seen here was the basis for the next art movement – Mannerism.

47. Raphael’s Sistine Chapel Madonna Notice at the bottom of the painting – his cherubs

52. Music in the Renaissance  GUILLAUME DUFAY (1400-1474) was the 1 st to use secular tunes in the Mass. These tunes replaced Gregorian Chants  I’ll have both for you to listen to in class.  DuFay worked for the Dukes of Burgundy in France  MADRIGAL – a poem set to music & its origins were in the 14 th Cent. Italian courts  12 line poems – emotional or erotic love w/ 5 or 6 voices combined.

53.  The New Monarchies  In the 2 nd ½ of the 15 th Century rulers attempted to re establish centralized power.  The Renaissance marks a period of further extension of centralized royal authority  In Central & Eastern Europe decentralization remained a fact of life The European State in the Renaissance 8 th Ed. Maps on pages 367, 368, & 371

54.  Charles VII (1422-1461)  Est. royal army (cavalry & archers  Levy the Taille ( direct tax on land w/o approval of the Estates General  Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) – enabled the King to assume control over the Church in France The French Monarchy

55. Louis XI (R. 1461-1483) Called the “Spider”  Louis XI  Retained the Taille  Secured a regular source of income  Added Charles the Bold’s (Duke of Burgundy) land after his death in battle  Also added ANJOU, MAINE, BER, & PROVENCE  Encouraged growth in industry & commerce.

56. Charles VIII (R. 1483-1498) Louis XII (R. 1498- 1515) Charles VIIILouis XII These two kings continued to follow Louis XI policies of expansion in both land & the economy. Even the war w/ Spain over Italy did not affect France at home.

57.  WAR OF THE ROSES – a Civil War in which the House of Lancaster (Red Rose) fought for control of the crown against the House of York (White Rose)  Henry Tudor, Duke of Richmond, House of Lancaster defeated King Richard III, House of York at the Battle of Bosworth Field ENGLISH MONARCHY Lancashire RoseYork Rose Tudor Rose

58.  HENRY VII (R. 1485-1509)  Eliminated nobility fro keeping their private armies (Livery & Maintenance)  Created “Court of Star Chamber” – did not use juries but could use Torture to get confessions  Henry did not overburden the people w/ taxes.  He was “thrifty” & left England stable  Upon his death his youngest son became King Henry VIII & we’ll talk about him later.

59.  1469 – Isabella of Castile (R. 1474-1504) & Ferdinand of Aragon (R. 1479-1516) married  Both kingdoms (Castile & Aragon) had their own Parliaments (Cortes)  Royal council in Castile had nobles replaced w/ middle- class lawyers  Hermandades (brotherhoods) were transformed into a national militia.  1498 they were disbanded when F & I were strong enough to deal w/ lawlessness using their new army.  Reorganized their army  Received permission from the pope to select important Spanish Church officials & had the pope introduce the INQUISITION into Spain (1478)  The Purpose of the Inquisition was to make Spain a totally Catholic Country.  Jews were expelled (150,000 to 200,000)  Muslims were expelled (1502)  Conversos – Jews who converted to Catholicism; were tortured to make sure that there were Catholic. Unification of Spain

60. Ferdinand & Isabella

61.  House of Habsburg – by mid 15 th century one of the wealthiest landholders & followed a policy of “dynastic marriages”  Emperor Maximillian I (R. 1493-1519) tried to unify the German people by creating new institutions but he was opposed by the German princes who didn’t want to lose their own authority.  The Dynastic marriages produced an heir who became heir to the  Habsburg(Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)  Burgundian(Charles, Duke of Burgundy)  & Spanish lines (Charles I of Spain) Holy Roman Empire

62.  Hungary  Poland  Russia (Ivan III)  Ottoman Turks Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe