1. Increased communication Copper wire stretched across nation Encoded messages Samuel B. Morse

2. Telegraph Increased communication Copper wire stretched across nation Encoded messages Samuel B. Morse

3. Increased communication Live speech over wire Alexander Graham Bell

4. Telephone Increased communication Live speech over wire Alexander Graham Bell

5. Increased the amount of time a factory could run Increased daylight time through artificial means Thomas Edison

6. Light Bulb Increased the amount of time a factory could run Increased daylight time through artificial means Thomas Edison

7. Enabled buildings to have more than two floors Taller buildings in cities Moved people up to higher floors

8. Elevator Enabled buildings to have more than two floors Taller buildings in cities Moved people up to higher floors

9. Enabled buildings to have more than two floors Taller buildings in cities Bessemer Process enabled this to be produced in large quantities

10. Steel Beams Enabled buildings to have more than two floors Taller buildings in cities Bessemer Process enabled this to be produced in large quantities

11. Increased communication Increased rate at which letters and documents could be written and exchanged Christopher Sholes

12. Typewriter Increased communication Increased rate at which letters and documents could be written and exchanged Christopher Sholes

13. European Immigrants came through this location for processing

14. Ellis Island European Immigrants came through this location for processing

15. Asian Immigrants came through this location for processing

16. Angel Island Asian Immigrants came through this location for processing

17. Different cultures come together and create a new American culture

18. Melting Pot Different cultures come together and create a new American culture

19. Presence of many different cultures in one society Tossed Salad Theory

20. Cultural Pluralism Presence of many different cultures in one society Tossed Salad Theory

21. Location where immigrants from a certain country live together in a city Maintain native language and practices

22. Ethnic Ghetto Location where immigrants from a certain country live together in a city Maintain native language and practices

23. Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

24. Nativism Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

25. Political party Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

26. Know-Nothings Political party Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

27. America’s first discrimination law Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to US Only allowed educated and merchants in

28. Chinese Exclusion Act America’s first discrimination law Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to US Only allowed educated and merchants in

29. Apartments of the poor Large families or multiple families lived in one room apartments Unsanitary Unsafe Shaped like a dumb bell

30. Tenements Apartments of the poor Large families or multiple families lived in one room apartments Unsanitary Unsafe Shaped like a dumb bell

31. Makeshift factory In small apartment or unused buildings Poorly lit Poorly ventilated Unsafe Hired poor workers Long hours for little pay

32. Sweatshops Makeshift factory In small apartment or unused buildings Poorly lit Poorly ventilated Unsafe Hired poor workers Long hours for little pay

33. Leader of the Social Gospel Movements Established the Settlement House Movement Hull House “The Mother of Social Work”

34. Jane Addams Leader of the Social Gospel Movements Established the Settlement House Movement Hull House “The Mother of Social Work”

35. Wrote: How the Other Half Lives Exposed terrible living and working conditions of the immigrants

36. Jacob Riis Wrote: How the Other Half Lives Exposed terrible living and working conditions of the immigrants

37. Movement Christian Duty to help the poor

38. Social Gospel Movement Christian Duty to help the poor

39. Transportation that enabled the rich to move out of the city

40. Electric Trolleys Transportation that enabled the rich to move out of the city

41. Saloons Dance halls Cabarets Amusement parks Vaudeville shows Moving picture industry Spectator sports Planned parks: Frederick Olmstead

42. Gilded Age Entertainment Saloons Dance halls Cabarets Amusement parks Vaudeville shows Moving picture industry Spectator sports Planned parks: Frederick Olmstead

43. Process that could make steel quicker and more efficiently Enabled builders to build skyscrapers

44. Bessemer Process Process that could make steel quicker and more efficiently Enabled builders to build skyscrapers

45. Robber Baron Steel industry Used vertical integration to control steel industry Buy out suppliers Created a monopoly Gospel of Wealth Responsibility of the wealthy to help others

46. Andrew Carnegie Robber Baron Steel industry Used vertical integration to control steel industry Buy out suppliers Created a monopoly Gospel of Wealth Responsibility of the wealthy to help others

47. Drilled for oil in western Pennsylvania 1 st oil fields

48. Edwin L. Drake Drilled for oil in western Pennsylvania 1 st oil fields

49. Robber Baron Standard Oil Nation’s 1 st Trust Trust: companies unite to destroy competition

50. John D. Rockefeller Robber Baron Standard Oil Nation’s 1 st Trust Trust: companies unite to destroy competition

51. Companies buy out business in the same industry

52. Horizontal Integration Companies buy out business in the same industry

53. Companies buy out suppliers of their industry so they control the market from raw material to finished product

54. Vertical Integration Companies buy out suppliers of their industry so they control the market from raw material to finished product

55. Robber Baron Railroad Industry

56. Cornelius Vanderbilt Robber Baron Railroad Industry

57. Robber Baron Finance Capitalist Bankers who exerted economic influence through companies stocks and bonds

58. J.P. Morgan Robber Baron Finance Capitalist Bankers who exerted economic influence through companies stocks and bonds

59. Robber Baron Electricity Created AC (Alternating Current) Westinghouse Electric Company

60. George Westinghouse Robber Baron Electricity Created AC (Alternating Current) Westinghouse Electric Company

61. Directors of one company could serve as director for another company Enabled them to control industries

62. Interlocking Directorates Directors of one company could serve as director for another company Enabled them to control industries

63. Introduced by Herbert Spencer Survival of the Fittest applied to business and economics Justified the rich being extremely rich

64. Social Darwinism Introduced by Herbert Spencer Survival of the Fittest applied to business and economics Justified the rich being extremely rich

65. Introduced American Dream No matter how poor, an individual could “pull themselves up by their bootstraps” and become rich Wrote books about poor children growing up to be rich

66. Horatio Alger Introduced American Dream No matter how poor, an individual could “pull themselves up by their bootstraps” and become rich Wrote books about poor children growing up to be rich

67. Name of period of early industrialization Early 1900s Mark Twain gave name because the era glittered on the outside and was corrupt on the inside

68. Gilded Age Name of period of early industrialization Early 1900s Mark Twain gave name because the era glittered on the outside and was corrupt on the inside

69. Low wages Hazardous work conditions Long hours Child labor Women working

70. Causes of Labor Unions Low wages Hazardous work conditions Long hours Child labor Women working

71. Organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its members

72. Labor Unions Organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its members

73. Labor unions open to skilled workers who practiced a specific craft

74. Craft Unions Labor unions open to skilled workers who practiced a specific craft

75. Labor unions open to less skilled workers

76. Trade Union Labor unions open to less skilled workers

77. Labor Union Leader: Terence Powderly Wanted to organize all men and women into a single union Reform Equal pay for equal work Eight hour day End child labor

78. Knights of Labor Labor Union Leader: Terence Powderly Wanted to organize all men and women into a single union Reform Equal pay for equal work Eight hour day End child labor

79. Labor Union Leader: Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, work hours and work conditions Used Strikes Boycotts Collective bargaining and mediation Arbitration

80. AFL: American Federation of Labor Labor Union Leader: Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, work hours and work conditions Used Strikes Boycotts Collective bargaining and mediation Arbitration

81. Labor Union Organized by railroad workers: skilled and unskilled Eugene Debs: leader

82. IWW: Industrial Workers of the World Labor Union Organized by railroad workers: skilled and unskilled Eugene Debs: leader

83. Employee signs promising not to join a union

84. Yellow Dog Contract Employee signs promising not to join a union

85. Replacement workers

86. Scabs Replacement workers

87. Lists of workers who employers would refuse to hire because they were active Union members

88. blacklists Lists of workers who employers would refuse to hire because they were active Union members

89. Yellow-dog contracts Blacklists Lockouts Scabs Injunctions

90. Methods Owners used to prevent Unions and strikes Yellow-dog contracts Blacklists Lockouts Scabs Injunctions

91. Railroad Strike Workers upset by wage cuts Became violent Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop

92. Great Strike of 1877 Railroad Strike Workers upset by wage cuts Became violent Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop

93. Turning point Strike Riot broke out and a bomb killed seven officers

94. Haymarket Riot Turning point Strike Riot broke out and a bomb killed seven officers

95. Strike Steel workers at Carnegie Steel Carnegie sent out private police force (Pinkertons) to put down strike Violence broke out

96. Homestead Strike Strike Steel workers at Carnegie Steel Carnegie sent out private police force (Pinkertons) to put down strike Violence broke out

97. Strike Railroad car industry Plant closed Company town still charged same rate for rent and food Owners got an injunction against union Federal government sent out troops

98. Pullman Strike Strike Railroad car industry Plant closed Company town still charged same rate for rent and food Owners got an injunction against union Federal government sent out troops

99. President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which internal revenue collectors tried to skim money off taxes collected for whiskey

100. Whiskey Ring Scandal President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which internal revenue collectors tried to skim money off taxes collected for whiskey

101. President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which government officials and stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a dummy company to skim money off land grants

102. Credit Mobilier Scandal President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which government officials and stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a dummy company to skim money off land grants

103. Passed as a result of Garfield’s assassination by an office seeker Established the civil service exam for appointment to any official position Got rid of the spoils system

104. Pendleton Civil Service Act Passed as a result of Garfield’s assassination by an office seeker Established the civil service exam for appointment to any official position Got rid of the spoils system

105. Unofficial entity meant to keep a certain party or group in power Used graft, corruption and bribery Headed by a boss

106. Political Machine Unofficial entity meant to keep a certain party or group in power Used graft, corruption and bribery Headed by a boss

107. Political Machine Boss Ran New York’s Tammany Hall

108. Boss William Tweed Political Machine Boss Ran New York’s Tammany Hall

109. Muckraker Exposed the political corruption of the political machine Went after “Boss” Tweed

110. Thomas Nast Muckraker Exposed the political corruption of the political machine Went after “Boss” Tweed

111. Republicans who turned against their party and voted for Cleveland in the Election of 1884 Against patronage

112. Mugwumps Republicans who turned against their party and voted for Cleveland in the Election of 1884 Against patronage

113. Created the Interstate Commerce Commission Regulated railroad rates The Grange pushed for this law

114. Interstate Commerce Act Created the Interstate Commerce Commission Regulated railroad rates The Grange pushed for this law

115. Made monopolies illegal Ensured fair competition

116. Sherman Antitrust Act Made monopolies illegal Ensured fair competition

117. 1 st time Sherman Antitrust Act used to break-up a monopoly Could not break-up monopolies in manufacturing

118. US v. EC Knight 1 st time Sherman Antitrust Act used to break-up a monopoly Could not break-up monopolies in manufacturing

119. Australian ballot Individuals cast vote in secret

120. Secret Ballot Australian ballot Individuals cast vote in secret

121. People have the power to remove corrupt officials

122. Recall People have the power to remove corrupt officials

123. People elect candidate by popular vote

124. Referendum People elect candidate by popular vote

125. People can force a vote on an issue onto a ballot

126. Initiative People can force a vote on an issue onto a ballot

127. Third party negotiations in a labor dispute

128. Arbitration Third party negotiations in a labor dispute