1. Major Expeditions – chapter 19

2. Spanish Empire

3. Conquest of New Spain Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521
600 Spanish soldiers
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1533
Fewer than 200 Spanish soldiers
Why?
God, gold, and glory
How?
Guns, germs, and steel

6. Impact of Smallpox on the New World

7. Economy of New Spain Agriculture Mining Haciendas Plantations
Silver the “” Heart of the Empire
Gold
Used coercive labor
Indian slaves, encomiendas, mita
Less than 50% of silver remained in Spain
At no point did American treasure imports make up more than 25% of Spain’s national revenue
Spanish government occasionally went bankrupt

11. Spain rules Caribbean through administrative institutions:
Encomendero holds land, 2 centuries of killing off natives propels need for slaves
Spain rules Caribbean through administrative institutions:
Governorship
treasury
courts
professional magistrates
lawyers/notaries
church officials
1510: increased Iberian immigrations= conquest SETTLEMENT

13. Sociedad de Castas Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

14. Mid-16th Century, encomienda outlawed
Spanish crown outlaws inheritance of encomienda to limit new nobility from rising
Grants of land replace Indians as basis of work- MITA (forced labor turns- coercive!!!)

15. Government of New Spain
New Spain controlled by bureaucracy
Council of Indies
Two Viceroyalties (Mexico City & Lima)
Ten Audiencias
Make and enforce Spanish law
Local magistrates applied the law, collected taxes, and assigned work required of Indian communities
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the world between Spain & Portugal

16. Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Saragossa: area of conflict --Moluccas islands (Indonesia) peace treaty between Spain and Portugal signed on 22 April of 1529 by King John III and the Emperor Charles V

17. Spanish Culture Catholic Church dominates Poetry
Widespread conversion of the Indians by Jesuits, et al
Bartolomé de Las Casas (attempts to help Latin American injustice, but royal control overcomes)
Constructed baroque cathedrals
Religious schools and universities
Poetry
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz ( )
Cathedral de Mexico built in stages between

18. Political Reforms
The Bourbon Reforms: 1707 Charles II died; no heir; Philip of Anjou (Bourbon family) became “Charles III”
Reasons-
Economic nationalism & desire for strong central government
-instituted economic changes
-administrative changes
-military reforms
(French bureaucracy used; tax tighten; navy reformed)
Opposition: Jesuit Order (removed from Spain/ colonies)
West Indies: New viceroyalties introduced to eliminate corruption—Creole removed from upper bureaucracy

19. Portuguese Empire

20. Portuguese Colonization in Asia
Portuguese use force to enter Asian trade markets
Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute
Control did not last long
Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large
Not enough people
Dutch and English rivals

22. Portuguese Brazil
Minor Portuguese nobles given strips of land to colonize and develop (“capitaincies”)
Feudalism meets commercial agriculture
Sugar plantations using Indian, then African slaves
Portugal’s most important colony by 1700
Government established a bureaucratic structure with a royal governor
Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal
Brazil never had university or printing presses
Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity

24. Portuguese Brazil
Brazil dominated world sugar production in the 17th century
150 sugar plantations in 1600; 300 by 1630
By 1700, 150,000 slaves worked on plantations
50% of population were slaves
Brazil’s dominance of sugar trade declined in 18th century
Competition from French, English, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean
Price of slaves increased; price of sugar declined

25. Sugar Plantations in the Americas

27. Brazil’s Age of Gold Gold discovered inland in 1695 @ “Minas Gerais”
Started a massive gold rush
Mine gold using slaves
150,000 slaves by 1775
Export 3 tons of gold a year from
Impact of gold
Ranching and farming were expanded (opened interior)
Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the colony
No native industries were developed in Portugal
Destructive to natives;

29. Dutch Empire around the World

30. Dutch Colonization

31. Dutch Colonies in Africa & SE Asia
Take Portuguese strongholds in 17th century
Cape of Good Hope, Malacca, etc.
Monopolize certain spices
Cloves, nutmeg, mace, etc.
Shipping proved most profitable
Shipped products between China, Japan, Indonesia, India, etc.
Colonized Java

32. Enlightened Despotism –Portuguese effort to improve mercantilism
Marquis of Pombal ( ) Prime Minister of Portugal reform effort Brazil became the center of reforms: 1. Monopoly companies created to stimulate agriculture 2. Abolish slavery 3. Encourage Portuguese immigrants from Azores to settle /colonize the Amazon basins (cattle ranches)

33. Reactions / Revolts
New Granada Comunero Revolt 1781 – led by Juan Francisco Berbeo (a Creole) -protested against government tax increases that would reduce profits for the colonists and enlarged Spain’s profit -local colonists formed “el comun” or central committee to lead movment -Initial success; viceroy fled Bogota; With reinforcement from Spain the rebellion crushed and leaders punished. Significance: rebellion revealed different social class can unified for a common cause Peru Indian Uprising (“Sierra Uprising”) (1780) Led byJose Gabriel Condocanqui (“Tupac Amaru”) Issues: condition in the textile mills; mines, and villages (demanded better treatment) -rebellion took over La Paz in kidnapped the Spanish Governor Antonio de Arriago and hanged him -loss favor/support from the local Creole and Mestizo population *1781 – Tupac Amaru captured and executed. All his family members were executed