2. Goal #1: DNA STRUCTURE 11/21/11

3. I. Genes Sections of DNA that hold instructions to make you!

4. 1. Is made of… –Carbon –Oxygen –Nitrogen –Hydrogen –Phosphorus II. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

5. 2. Sugar-phosphate backbone deoxyribose and phosphates from the nucleotides connected together

6. 3. Nucleotides These repeating units made ofThese repeating units made of Sugar + Phosphate + Base are the basic structure of DNA

7. a. Sugar - Deoxyribose 1. A sugar that makes up DNA 2. De-oxy-ribose (ribose sugar short 1 oxygen)

8. b. Phosphate Group One phosphorous atom surrounded by four Oxygen atoms.One phosphorous atom surrounded by four Oxygen atoms.

9. c. Nitrogenous Base 1. DNA is like a language with four letters. Those four letters are short hand for the following molecules: 2. A – Adenine 3. T – Thymine 4. C – Cytosine 5. G - Guanine

10. 6. Purines vs. Pyrimidines a. Purines- nitrogenous bases with a double ring of carbon and nitrogen Adenine and Guanine

11. b. Pyrimidines- nitrogenous bases with a single ring of carbon and nitrogen Thymine and Cytosine

12. What bases belong where the white circles are?

13. Sides of ladder are made of deoxyribose sugars & phosphates Rungs (steps) of ladder are made of Nitrogenous Bases DNA is often referred to as a ladder because of its ladder-like structure… Let’s use this analogy!

14. III. Double helix 1. The two sides of the ladder are twisted to create the double helix structure

15. 2. James Watson and Francis Crick developed the DNA model 3. they constructed it as a spiral staircase called a double helix

16. 4. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins took X-ray photographs of DNA crystals before Watson and Crick’s work – these photos were used by Watson & Crick. 4. Watson, Crick and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 5. Franklin died before 1962 and was not recognized for her contribution because she was already deceased (of cancer)…

17. 6. DNA Twists a. DNA is generally found as a right- handed twist, but researcher’s have now discovered that DNA sometimes has a left-handed twist. 1. B-DNA: right handed twist 2. Z-DNA: left handed twist

18. b. DNA is coiled into chromosomes during cell division c. DNA is found as stringy chromatin in the cell most of the time.