1. Art of the Americas Before 1300 Tangyan, Edward APAH, Period 6

2.  People lived in extended family groups in towns led by chiefs—did not live in hierarchical societies  Group called Diquis occupied fortified villages lasting from 700-1500 CE  Metal work (especially with gold and copper) was widespread through Central America (lost-wax technique developed in present-day Columbia and spread north from there) Central America

3.  Shaman with Drum and Snake (13th-16 th century, Gold)  Resides in Costa Rica  Came with the use of gold and copper-gold alloys in artwork (Metallurgy)  Used lost-wax casting technique  Shaman is a small, exquisite pendant-good example of the style and tecnique of Diquis goldwork  Male figure wearing bracelets, anklets, and a belt with a snake- headed sheath  He plays a drum while holding the tail of a snake in his teeth and its head in his left hand  Wavy forms in elaborate reptile costume, inverted triangles on headdress represent bird tails Diquis

4.  Bird and snake imagery important to culture  Mythology- serpents/crocodiles inhabited lower world, humans and bird a higher one  Maybe shaman is transforming or performing a ritual?  Scrolls on side of head represent hearing or ability to understand animals  Shows a ritual of mediation between earthly and cosmic powers involving music, dance, and costume  Gold thought to capture the energy and power of the sun (wore to inspire fear)  Energy used to travel into cosmic realms Diquis

5.  Developed complex hierarchical societies with varied artistic traditions  Drastic geographical differences in South America--narrow coastal plain is one of the driest deserts in the world, the Andes have high grasslands with sloping areas, and eastern slopes of the Andes descend into the tropical rain forests of the Amazon basin The ecological variations impacted the art that developed in different regions South America

6. Chavin  During 1000 to 200 BCE, the Early Horizon period, Chavin style art developed and spread  Art style developed at the site of Chavin de Huantar  Innovations in metallurgy, ceramics and textiles  Chavin people believed in an afterlife and that idea is reflected in their art

7.  Raimondi Stone  Low relief sculpture in diorite  Found in a ceremonial complex  1000-600BCE  Chavin Style art made during Early Horizon period  Figure’s headdress has snakes emerging and fills the entire surface  Typifies Chavin art style: frontal, symmetrical, curvilinear design and combination of human, animal, bird and reptile parts Chavin

8.  Mantle with Bird Impersonators  Paracas textile  200BCE-200CE  Culture flourished from about 1000 BCE to 200 CE, overlapping Chavin period  Known for textiles that were extensively wrapped around the bodies of the dead  Textiles were a source of prestige and wealth  Textile production was an important factor in the domestication of both cotton and llamas  Featured repeating embroidered patterns of warriors, dancers, and composite creators (bird people) Paracas—south coast of Peru (1000 BCE-200 CE)

9.  Earth Drawing of a Hummingbird  Nazca geoglyph  100BCE-700CE  Nazca’s dominated the south coast of Peru from about 200 BCE to 600 CE  Best known for colossal earthworks, geoglyphs.  Made on great stretches of desert by removing dark stones and exposing the light underlying stones  Each geoglyph was maintained by a clan and at certain times clans would gather and exchange goods and look for marriage partners  Purpose of geoglyphs is unclear Nazca—South Coast of Peru (200 BCE-600 CE)

10.  North coast of Peru- Moche Valley From Piura Valley to Huarmey Valley 200 B.C.-600 C.E.  Pyramid of Sun and Moon Adobe brick Dominating structures of decentralized social government of Moche  Performed sacrificial ceremonies Popular icon of art Prisoners of war given as sacrifice Priests would drink blood of the sacrificed Warrior Priest, Bird Priest and Priestess Belief of maintaining good favor with the gods  Well-known for their ceramic artwork  Created ceramic molds Allowing mass production Moche

11.  Moche Lord with a Feline  Naturalistic models of humans and animals  Portrait of Moche lord  Painted ceramic  Found in Moche Valley, Peru  100-500 C.E.  7 ½ in. tall  Spout and handle in back  Power and status in throne and dress Wears earspools and headdress  Fine-line, decorative painting Mythological narratives and ritual scenes  Believed animals to be sacred, anthropomorphic vessels of soul Lord strokes jaguar cub or cat  Luxury item buried with its owner in ceremony

12. Khafre- Giza, Old Kingdom Kritian Boy- Acropolis Classical Period Comparison of the Human Form

13. Moche  Earspool  Common decorative pieces among Moche people  Inserted through holes of the earlobes Used to stretch earlobes Worn in pairs Held in place by thread, connecting the two holes  Depiction of warriors Held in high regard Anatomical detail Elaborate dress- wealth Nose ornament, holding club and shield Headdress with crescent shapes  Resemble knives used in sacrifices Owl head necklace  Gold with turquoise, quartz and shell  5 in. diameter  Found in Sipan, Peru  2 nd -5 th century C.E.  Buried with their wearers

14. North America  Sparsely populated  Limited agriculture  Included different cultures

15.  100 B.C.- 550 C.E.  Part of Woodland Period 300 B.C.-1000 C.E.  Traders and mound builders  Mississippi, Illinois, and Ohio cultures traded with other North and Central American cultures Traded pipestones and flint-like stones for Floridian shark teeth and turtle shells Used cooper from Upper Michigan and mica from Appalachian Mountains  Burial and ceremonial earthworks Buried the dead with jewels and goods  Built mounds for shrines, sacred fires and holding homes of chiefs  Carved pipes with animal representations using naturalistic observations Hopewell

16.  Beaver Effigy Platform Pipe  Found in Bedford Mound, Pike County, IL  100-200 C.E.  Length 4 9/16 x 1 7/8 x 2”  Pipestone, river pearl, and bone  Used in trade and social groupings  Realism and stylized simplification  Beaver crouching on platform  White, shiny materials  spirituality Pearl eyes= spirit world creature  Leaves placed in bowl of beaver’s back and lighted, then smoked from back end Hopewell

17. Great Serpent Mound

18.  Located in Adams County, Ohio  1070 C.E.  World’s largest effigy mound  Mounds of clay and rock, covered by soil  Built on meteor site (Permian Period) Created plateau with cryptoexplosion structure folded and faulted bedrock  1,254 ft long, 3 ft high  National Historic Landmark- Department of Interior  Constructed among three cultures: Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient  Undulating, intricate design  Great Serpent- mythological creature of Hopewell people Embodied power of the Underworld Contrasted against the falcon or birdman Often horned or winged  Serpent holding an egg in its mouth Symbolizes vast eternity Hopewell

19.  Great Serpent Mound (continued)  Mississippians valued relationship between the universe and mankind  Surrounding burial sites  1815 first map  1967 Ohio Historical Society opens Serpent Mound Museum  1886 excavated by Frederic Ward Putnam  Head and egg align with summer solstice sunset 1987 Clark and Majorie Hardman  Astronomical influences 1054 creation of Crab Nebula 1066 Halley’s Comet Designed after constellation Draco  Connecting the land and underground to heavens  Honoring significant event  Suggested representation of an eclipse  Purpose remains unidentified Hopewell

20.  500-1500 C.E.  Fort Center, Florida Glades  Warlike group dominating Southern Florida  Mainly hunted and fished Fed off sea mammals, fish and shell fish  No agricultural fields  Dug waterways and canals  Mound temples and shrines Decorated with posts holding animal head carvings  Simplified, painted carvings Natural observations  Animal head and masks used in sacrifices and ceremonies Sometimes of human features Worn as headdresses by priests Florida Glades

21.  Pelican Figurehead  1000 C.E.  Key Marco  Decorative, architectural element— possibly part of a shrine  Wood and paint Black, white, and gray  4 3/8 x 2 3/8 x 3 1/8 ”  Once had wings Found elsewhere later disintegrated  Clan symbols for bird or animal cult Other animals include: sea turtle, alligator, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf Florida Glades

22.  Mostly had influences within the four corners region (Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico)  Because agriculture was usually out of the question in such a deserted climate, the pueblo people would live together and build apartment-like and storied buildings creating massive communities  Some buildings were constructed to serve as communal food storage, others for religious purposes  Other cultures in the area adapted and built deep and narrow irrigation systems to accommodate the water shortage The American Southwest

23. Pueblo Society

24. Pueblo  550-1250 C.E.  Four Corners Region: Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico  Developed irrigation system  Known for Pottery  Pueblo Bonito of Chaco Canyon D-shaped, over 800 rooms in five or four storied apartment buildings  Also dwelled in community caves of canyons and cliffs Protection and insulation Community solidarity and responsibility

25. Pueblo  Art of pottery carried through generations Still in practice today  Female potters  Low-fired ceramics  Earthenware, black-and-white pigment  14 ½” diameter  1150 C.E.  Designed for seed storage Narrow mouth helps prevent spillage Globular shape allows ample room Holes at top used for hanging  Hung off the ground to prevent seeds from being eaten by rodents  Dotted square, zigzag pattern Angular design contrasting round form  Emphasizes curviness

26. Pottery Comparison Death of Sarpedon (Euphronios Krater) Red Figure Vase- Archaic Period Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game Black Figure Vase- Archaic Period

27. Timeline 1500BC 1200BC 900BC 600BC 300BC 0 300AD 600AD 900AD 1200AD 1500AD Diquis Chavin Paracas Nazca Moche Hopewell Florida Glades Culture Pueblo

28. In Conclusion  South America Advanced civilizations such as Aztecs, Mayans, Incans  Power and wealth symbolized in their building designs and massive city complexes  Similar to Mesopotamian Catal Huyuk and Greek civilizations Knowledge=power  Mayans developed calendar and system of writing which includes 800 glyphs Religion  Aztecs maintain good favor with their gods through blood sacrifices  Priests perform sacrifices atop step pyramids  North America Sparsely populated Hunting, fishing, gathering plants Concentrated populations around Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, Louisiana area Development of agriculture (squash, sunflower, corn) 1000 B.C. nomadic  settled communities Earthworks