1. 1. If you did not attend school today, what would you be doing? 2. If we did not have a compulsory education law, and high school was optional would you show up? Why/why not? 3. Do you think most of your peers would show up? 4. How would the future of our nation look if high school was optional? DO NOW:

2. Cleaning Up the Cities Debriefing  Get back in your groups  Prepare to describe how the changes you made will clean up NYC

3. The Drive for Reform Chapter 17 Section 1 (cont)

4. CITY LIFE EARLY 20 th Century  Overcrowded  Diseases such as typhoid (caused by polluted water) and tuberculosis common  Fires were frequent  Streets unpaved and littered with trash and feces

5. Industrialization and Urbanization  Industrialization created many social problems in American cities. These included:  poor housing and living conditions  dangerous working conditions for miners, railroads, and factory workers  Use and abuse of child labor and women workers

6. Progressives believed honest and efficient government could bring social justice.  They wanted to end corruption.  They wanted new election reforms.  They tried to make government more responsive to people’s needs.

7. Progressives targeted a variety of issues and problems:  corrupt political machines  trusts and monopolies  safety/workplace reform  city services  women’s suffrage and compensation  public school funding

8. Muckrakers:  journalists who helped spread the reform message  published stories on corruption in politics and business, and social problems such as slums and child labor in magazines like McClure’s Magazine  Lincoln Steffans, editor of McClure’s Magazine, published The Shame of the Cities

9. Journal Question:  Why do you think “muckraking was what the people wanted to hear”?

10. Primary Source READING 1. What was Alice P’s hourly wage?  2. Why did Alice P quit her job  3. How did James injure himself? OPINION  Is Child Labor ok? Why or Why not?  Should the government regulate labor in private industry? Why or why not?  How far should regulation go?  100 years later does this still occur? If so where?

11. Lewis Hine (Faces of Lost Youth)  Photographer for the National Child Labor Committee (1908 – 1918)  From April 25 th to May 16 th 1911, I made quiet visits to every cotton mill in the state, with but one or two exceptions, and in all cases spending some time inside the mills during work hours, as well as other hours spent around the mills at noon-hours, and around the homes at various times. In some of the villages, I made careful house-to-house canvass, locating the homes of working children and getting data about them. WHY DO YOU THINK HINE MADE “QUIET” VISITS?

12. Activity: Pick 2 packets to answer the following  1. Observe:  What people and objects are shown?  What is the physical setting? (conditions?)  2. Knowledge:  Did Hines’ caption give you a better understanding of the photo? How? Be specific.  3. Interpret:  What is going on in the picture?  Who are the people & what are they doing?  After viewing all 3 photos what can we conclude about the time period? Would you switch places with these children?

13. Creative Writing  Imagine you are one of the children from Lewis Hines book “Faces of Lost Youth”  Choose a photo/job  Write a diary entry describing your day (3 paragraphs)  Consider the long hours, unsafe conditions, and what a young child laborer might be missing out on (be specific, what would you miss if you were forced to work instead of attend school)  ONCE COMPLETE, take a copy of the homework due TUESDAY

14. Child Labor Laws  In 1904, Florence Kelley helped organize the National Child Labor Committee  In 1912 child labor laws were passed in 39 states  Enforcement of laws was lax

15. Progressives succeeded in reducing child labor and improving school enrollment. The United States Children’s Bureau was created in 1912.

16. Muckrakers (Continued):  Ida Tarbell wrote The History of Standard Oil on John D. Rockefeller's oil companies which resulted in federal action and the breakup of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey  Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle that provided a shocking look at meatpacking in Chicago’s Stockyards.

17. W.W.J.D.?  Walter Roushenbusch created The Social Gospel by blending German socialism and American Progressivism  believed Christianity should be the basis of reform and that the Bible teachings about charity and justice should be used  demanded a shorter work day and the end of child labor

18. Discussion Question:  What do you expect in terms of working conditions, wages, and hours?  What conditions would you consider to be unacceptable?  What would you do about unacceptable circumstances if you encountered them?

19. Problems on the Job:  Long hours, low wages, no job security, unsafe conditions, and no benefits  Employers forced workers to live in company towns (Workers had to rent housing provided by the employer and were required to pay rent, even when the employer laid them off)

20. Workplace Reform:  Prohibit monopolies  8 hour work day  a minimum wage  safer working conditions  end child labor

21. City Commissions:  After a hurricane in Galveston, Texas in 1900, 6,000 people were killed, government not able to deal with emergency  State legislature then decided to create a 5-person commission to rebuild the area  Commission was made up of experts rather than party loyalists

22. One eyewitness account said the storm "sounded like 1,000 demons screaming in the night," with women and children screaming for help and men "begging for mercy from God." (AP Photo)