3. TERMS AND IDEAS FROM THE WHITEBOARD Your notes should contain the following terms and ideas that I wrote on the whiteboard (because I haven’t made PowerPoint slides yet): Three Stages of Human Development  Paleolithic – Old Stone Age; crudely-shaped stones  Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age; bow and arrow, throwing sticks But something has to happen to go to the next stage…  Neolithic Hunter/gatherers Men hunt, provide less food, but do other important things Women gather, provide most of the food Plains Indians Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne Hunter/gatherers on the North American steppe (Great Plains) Rely on the bison for everything before Europeans arrived Nomadic Everything must be portable tipi – bison hides and lodge poles travois – frame for pulling belongings; dogs can pull or make a fine meal Bison extremely hard to hunt and kill without horses or guns As a result, food was not abundant (so gorge yourself on the kills you make like a pride of lions) Women less healthy, children at risk of dying in their first year (high infant mortality rate) High mortality hate kept their population’s growth stable Low population numbers baffled Europeans The arrival of horses and guns vastly increased their potential to kill more bison and competing tribes Juicy-Berry Bush Story Women invent agriculture Men take the credit later Agricultural is Invented! Dealing with a surplus of food for the first time You can’t carry much, but it’s OK because now you’re staying in one place Need to protect surplus from roving hunter/gatherers; the cave just won’t do Continues

4. Continued Being fresh out of Tupperware, you have to invent something to store the surplus in Pottery Inventing pottery thrusts you into the Neolithic: New Stone Age Pottery shards can tell us when people invented agriculture (The story picked up on PowerPoint) Fertile Crescent Great mix of biomes Good place to invent agriculture Being sedentary allows you to refine your culture Art Religion Populations rise Agricultural villages to store and protect the surplus Çatalhöyük and Jericho Unfortunately, the Fertile Crescent hill country is great for inventing agriculture, but not for expanding it Where was there good, flat soil and water to work with? Mesopotamia

6. FERTILE CRESCENT

7. D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENTJericho Çatalhöyük

8. Plant domestication Small grains wild grasses wheat D. Hardin

9. Plant domestication Small grains wheatbarley ryeoats D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT

10. Plant domestication Small grains D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT orzo couscous matza pita

11. Plant domestication Vegetables pealentil onion cabbage lettuce carrot turnipradish D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT garlic chickpea

12. D. Hardin Opium poppy hookah raw opium FERTILE CRESCENT Plant domestication Opium

13. D. Hardin Plant domestication Opium Afghanistan FERTILE CRESCENT

14. Animal domestication Cattle Auroch D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT

15. Animal domestication Bull as fertility symbol D. Hardin Theseus slays the Minotaur “Grab the bull by the horns” Minoan civilization Hathor EgyptSpain FERTILE CRESCENT

16. Animal domestication Sheep D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT Paschal lamb “Lamb of God”“Good Shepherd”

17. Animal domestication Goat D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT

18. Animal domestication Camel D. Hardin dromedary bactrian FERTILE CRESCENT

19. D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT Neolithic Period Jericho 10000-9000 BCE - present

20. D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENT Neolithic Period Çatalhöyük 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE

21. D. Hardin FERTILE CRESCENTJericho Çatalhöyük

22. POTAMIA D. Hardin MESO Euphrates Tigris

24. MESOPOTAMIA Ur D. Hardin ziggurat

25. MESOPOTAMIA Babylon D. Hardin Ishtar Gate Hanging Gardens

26. MESOPOTAMIA D. Hardin

27. MESOPOTAMIA D. Hardin Epic of GilgameshHammurabi’s Code

29. Riparian oasis D. Hardin Nile River BIOMES

30. Riparian oasis D. Hardin Hapi Nile River BIOMES

31. D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

32. D. Hardin Aswan High Dam Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

33. D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

34. D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River BIOMES

35. D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River Abu Simbel BIOMES

36. D. Hardin Riparian oasis Nile River Abu Simbel BIOMES

37. view from plateauview to plateau NILE VALLEY Lower Egypt Giza D. Hardin

38. Upper Egypt Luxor D. Hardin NILE VALLEY

39. Upper Egypt Valley of the Kings D. Hardin NILE VALLEY Land of the Living Land of the Dead North

40. D. Hardin Multi-Racial Society Indo-EuropeanNubian SemiticHamitic NILE VALLEY

41. D. Hardin Cataracts NILE VALLEY

42. D. Hardin Nubia NILE VALLEY

43. D. Hardin Nubia Meroe NILE VALLEY