1. Ms. de Bari November 17, 2009

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty4

3. Active, readily available information you retain temporarily (no longer than one minute) Holds the information you are thinking about or are aware of at any given moment Also known as: Short term storage Temporary memory Primary memory Working memory

4. Short-term memory is the older term and it is simpler Working memory is much newer and suggests more mental effort Short-term memory is thought to be only one of several components of working memory

5. Short-term memory has two primary tasks: To store new information briefly To work on that (and other) information Short-term memory is thought to only hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information

7. Get out a scrap piece of paper and something to write with I’m going to show you a list of 15 words, one word at a time When all the words are shown, write down all the words you can remember GOOD LUCK!!

8. sunshine

9. mirror

10. wheel

11. orange

12. tea

13. calm

14. fountain

15. library

16. mostly

17. pyramid

18. jeans

19. airplane

20. tired

21. dog

22. pencil

23. soccer

24. Finished! How many did you remember?

25. Statistics for this same test: The average 20-year-old remembers 7 of the 15 words The average 80-year-old remembers 4 of them How many of you remembered… Sunshine? Airplane? Soccer?

26. Serial Position Effect People recall more words either at the beginning or the end of a list than they do words in the middle Two types: Primacy Effect People remember early items better Recency Effect People remember the last one or two words too

27. Let’s try another example… I’m going to give you a list of 12 letters After giving you a few seconds to read through them, see if you can repeat them back to me Hope you still have your scrap piece of paper and pencils out!

28. TJYFAVMCFKIB

29. Finished! How many did you remember?

30. In all likelihood, you probably didn’t do as well with that one Now try this set of 12 letters instead…

31. TV FBI JFK YMCA

32. Finished! Did you do better this time?

33. Almost certainly, you did much better, even though these were the same 12 letters as before What made this time around so much easier?

34. The second time, the letters were grouped into four separate “words” This way of grouping and organizing information so that it fits into meaningful units is called chunking The 12 letters have been chunked into 4 meaningful elements that can readily handled by short-term memory

35. Some information can “displace” other information, making the former hard to retrieve Example: Think of a really cluttered desk At the beginning of the semester, the desk is clean, but as the semester goes on, papers build up Papers placed on the desk earlier in the semester get buried since the later papers “displace” them All the papers are still there, but the early ones get harder and harder to find

36. Happens when something you have already done or got past interferes with something you are doing now Put another way, it occurs when current information is lost because it is mixed up with previously learned, similar information Example: Learning about WWI and then learning about WWII Proactive Interference occurs when you have trouble remembering events of WWII

37. Newer information interferes backward in time with your recollection of older items Example: Imagine you learn Spanish After you learn Spanish, you learn Italian If the new language interferes with the language you knew before, that is Retroactive Interference at work!

38. Retrograde Amnesia Loss of memory for the events occurring before the brain injury Anterograde Amnesia Loss of memory for the events occurring after the brain injury

39. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cD- uQreIwEk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErjP5xMTc8 I What type of amnesia does Jason Bourne suffer from? What type of amnesia does Drew Barrymore’s character suffer from?

40. Jason Bourne suffers from… Retrograde Amnesia Drew Barrymore’s character suffers from… Anterograde Amnesia Why?

41. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrI8ibsiiZ4