1. Bell Work Geography Skills – Copy and answer the following questions using the map located on page 558. 1. Through what states did the Great Northern Railroad pass?Through what states did the Great Northern Railroad pass? Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. 2. Through what cities in Montana did railroads pass?Through what cities in Montana did railroads pass? Butte, Helena, and Bozeman

4. Sec. 1 Railroads Lead the Way A growing transportation network spread people, products, and information across the nation. Key terms: consolidation, standard gauge, rebate, poolconsolidationstandard gaugerebatepool How did railroad barons make huge fortunes? How did the national railroad system change the American economy?

5. Railroads Lead the Way Railroads became the driving force behind America’s economic growth. By the 1890s five railway lines crossed the country. In 1860 the US had about 30,000 miles of track – by 1900, the nation had nearly 250,000. The expansion of the railroad system was accompanied by consolidation. After consolidation, a few powerful individuals known as railroad barons controlled the nation’s rail traffic. Can you name 4 Railroad Barons? Cornelius Vanderbilt, James J. Hill, Collis Huntington, & Leland Stanford

6. Railroads Stimulate the Economy The fast growing national rail system created new economic links. Around 1880 railroad companies began using tracks of steel - this stimulated America’s steel industry. During the late 1880s, almost all companies adopted a standard gauge – this allowed faster shipment of goods at a reduced cost. Railway transportation also improved with the introduction of new technology such as: airbrakes, Janey car couplers, refrigerated cars & Pullman sleeping car.

7. As the railroad networks expanded they began to compete fiercely with one another for customers. Large railroads offered secret discounts called rebates to their biggest customers. Smaller companies couldn’t compete & were often forced out of business. Railroad barons also made secret agreements among themselves, known as pools – dividing business among them and setting rates for the region.

8. Railroads Change America The growing railroad network paved the way for American industry to expand into the West. Where was the manufacturing center for Agricultural Equipment? Illinois and Wisconsin Trains redistributed the population. Trains also made it easy for people to move from rural areas to the cities. The spread of the railroad system to led to a national system of time with four time zones.four time zones The railroads opened the entire United States to settlement and economic growth and united the different regions of the country into a single network.

9. consolidation – the practice of combining separate companies into one. consolidation – the practice of combining separate companies into one.

10. Standard gauge – the uniform width of 4 feet, 8.5 inches for railroad tracks., adopted during the 1880s.Standard gauge – the uniform width of 4 feet, 8.5 inches for railroad tracks., adopted during the 1880s.

11. Rebate – discount or return of part of a paymentRebate – discount or return of part of a payment

12. Pool – a group sharing in some activity, for example, among railroad barons who made secret agreements and set rates among themselves.Pool – a group sharing in some activity, for example, among railroad barons who made secret agreements and set rates among themselves.