1. Intro to Communism

2. Terms: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Marx Marx’s View on Capitalism Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to organize society fairly. Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to organize society fairly. Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in society. Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in society. Bourgeoisie are the owners Bourgeoisie are the owners Proletariat are the workers Proletariat are the workers These two classes will continually be in conflict. These two classes will continually be in conflict.

3. Marx’s View on Capitalism Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools etc) Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools etc) They also get all the profits. They also get all the profits. They can reinvest the profits in the company or remove it and pay themselves. They can reinvest the profits in the company or remove it and pay themselves.

4. Marx’s View on Capitalism Proletariat – These are the workers and get paid a wage. Proletariat – These are the workers and get paid a wage. They get no share in Company profits. They get no share in Company profits. At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies. At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies. The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the costs of production and pay as little as possible. The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the costs of production and pay as little as possible.

5. Term “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be created to organize the country. A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be created to organize the country. They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is secured from the capitalist. They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is secured from the capitalist. Most “Communist regimes” have only achieved this. Most “Communist regimes” have only achieved this.

6. Person Vladimir Lenin Lenin was leader of the Communist Bolshevik party. Lenin was leader of the Communist Bolshevik party. Aided by Germany because he wanted Russia to get out of the war. Aided by Germany because he wanted Russia to get out of the war. Party increased from 26000 to 2 million Party increased from 26000 to 2 million Created a military group called the red Guards Created a military group called the red Guards

7. November 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a revolution. Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a revolution. Lenin gives all land to the peasants Lenin gives all land to the peasants Factories are given to the workers who elect a committee to run them. Factories are given to the workers who elect a committee to run them.

8. Term: Dictatorship of the Proletariat Lenin sets up a Dictatorship of the Proletariat Lenin sets up a Dictatorship of the Proletariat Kills all political opponents including the tsar Kills all political opponents including the tsar Education increased Education increased Religion banned in schools, priests prosecuted Religion banned in schools, priests prosecuted Labour laws include 8 hour days, health benefits, Holidays, pension mandatory Labour laws include 8 hour days, health benefits, Holidays, pension mandatory

9. Terms: Yalta Conference

10. Yalta Conference The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union. The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union. Germany was to be defeated and disarmed. Germany was to be defeated and disarmed. Split into four zones of occupation given to the Allies. Split into four zones of occupation given to the Allies.

11. Yalta Conference Eastern European countries were to have free elections. Eastern European countries were to have free elections. The USSR was to join the war against Japan. The USSR was to join the war against Japan. United Nations set up. United Nations set up. Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin wanted a large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with. Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin wanted a large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with.

12. Term: Potsdam

13. Potsdam Conference Occupation zones decided. Occupation zones decided. Nazi party banned and were to be tried as war criminals. Nazi party banned and were to be tried as war criminals. For reparations each power was to collect industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone was mostly agriculture. For reparations each power was to collect industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone was mostly agriculture. Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany. Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany.

14. Tensions after Potsdam Truman replaced Roosevelt after his death. Truman replaced Roosevelt after his death. Stalin invited non communist leaders in Poland to the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists replaced them in Government. Stalin invited non communist leaders in Poland to the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists replaced them in Government. Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop bomb on Japan. Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop bomb on Japan.

15. Tensions after Potsdam Truman was suspicious since USSR had the largest army in the world. Truman was suspicious since USSR had the largest army in the world. USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb. USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb. Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern Europe to become communists. Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern Europe to become communists.

16. Term: Truman Doctrine U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was the responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the spread of Communism in the world. U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was the responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the spread of Communism in the world. Change in foreign policy from isolationism which was practiced throughout the two world wars. Change in foreign policy from isolationism which was practiced throughout the two world wars.

17. UN Involvement Term: Domino Theory Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism than so would Japan and other Capitalists countries. (Domino Theory). Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism than so would Japan and other Capitalists countries. (Domino Theory). 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea including Canada. 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea including Canada. Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force. Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force.

18. Term 38 th Parallel They meet at the 38 th parallel (latitude) and divided the country in two. They meet at the 38 th parallel (latitude) and divided the country in two.

19. 1 st phase Terms: Macarthur, Yalu river, Pusan June – Sept. June – Sept. North Korea pushes the South all the way back to a small corner of the country called Pusan. North Korea pushes the South all the way back to a small corner of the country called Pusan.

20. 2nd phase Inchon Macarthur organised a landing at Inchon. Macarthur organised a landing at Inchon. Effectively surrounds N Korean troops. Effectively surrounds N Korean troops. Despite China’s warnings they cross the 38 th parallel. Despite China’s warnings they cross the 38 th parallel.

21. 3 rd phase US ignore China and push all the way to the Yalu River. US ignore China and push all the way to the Yalu River. This borders with China. This borders with China. Macarthur ignored Truman’s orders and began to approach the Yalu. Macarthur ignored Truman’s orders and began to approach the Yalu.

22. China enters the war. China enters the war. Pushes the force back past the 38 th parallel. Pushes the force back past the 38 th parallel. Un counter Attack drives them back to the 38 th parallel. Un counter Attack drives them back to the 38 th parallel. Armistice signed in 1953. Armistice signed in 1953.

23. Rhee and Macarthur Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South Korea, Capitalist. Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South Korea, Capitalist. General Macarthur – General made famous after war in the pacific. General in charge of the Korean War. General Macarthur – General made famous after war in the pacific. General in charge of the Korean War.

24. Cuban Missile Crisis

25. Person Fulgencio Batista In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless dictator Fulgencio Batista. In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless dictator Fulgencio Batista. He killed all opponents and used the military to support his rule. He killed all opponents and used the military to support his rule.

26. Batista Government Capitalist government. Capitalist government. Military supported by the U.S Military supported by the U.S He and members of his government were very rich while the rest of Cubans were poor. He and members of his government were very rich while the rest of Cubans were poor. Disliked Communists. Disliked Communists.

27. Batista Government The capital, Havana, was treated as a playground for rich Americans. The capital, Havana, was treated as a playground for rich Americans. It was controlled by American Italian Mafia Leader Lucky Luciano. It was controlled by American Italian Mafia Leader Lucky Luciano. Lucky set up a cocaine operation and ran casinos. Lucky set up a cocaine operation and ran casinos.

28. Batista Government Was also used to hide money from illegal activities in the U.S. Was also used to hide money from illegal activities in the U.S. Many Americans set up factories in Cuba to take advantage of local resources like sugar cane and tobacco. Ex. Palmolive – Colgate. Many Americans set up factories in Cuba to take advantage of local resources like sugar cane and tobacco. Ex. Palmolive – Colgate. This resulted in many rich Americans and very poor citizens of Cuba This resulted in many rich Americans and very poor citizens of Cuba

29. Cuban Revolution Person: Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was appalled at the corruption for the Batista government. Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was appalled at the corruption for the Batista government. Received support through educating the poor on the corruption of the government. Received support through educating the poor on the corruption of the government. He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised an army which overthrew the Batista government. He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised an army which overthrew the Batista government.

30. Castro Regime Castro’s first business was to execute all the corrupt government officials that abused the poor. Castro’s first business was to execute all the corrupt government officials that abused the poor. Then he nationalised all the foreign American assets. Then he nationalised all the foreign American assets. Wealth was to be invested in Cuba. Wealth was to be invested in Cuba. With this money he set up free health care. With this money he set up free health care.

31. Term: Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro is allied with the USSR because of the trade embargo. Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro is allied with the USSR because of the trade embargo. Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles off the coast of Florida. Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles off the coast of Florida. Many people who did not agree with Castro and Communism fled the country and became exiles. Many people who did not agree with Castro and Communism fled the country and became exiles.

32. Bay of Pigs 1961 Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba. Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba. Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better than a US invasion. Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better than a US invasion. The invasion was a great failure and Castro captured and jailed many of the exiles. The invasion was a great failure and Castro captured and jailed many of the exiles.

33. Results of Bay of Pigs 1961 Because of this Castro felt threatened and allied closure with the USSR. Because of this Castro felt threatened and allied closure with the USSR. He needed them for protection. He needed them for protection. Allowed Russia to install military bases. Allowed Russia to install military bases. Russia began shipping weapons into Cuba. Russia began shipping weapons into Cuba.

34. Khrushchev and Gulag Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Policy of “Destalinisation” throughout Russia and told of the Gulag Prisons. Policy of “Destalinisation” throughout Russia and told of the Gulag Prisons. Gulag – Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created to deal with anyone who opposed him. Gulag – Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created to deal with anyone who opposed him.

35. Détente, Hotline, MAD Détente – Time of peace or settling of tension during a conflict. Détente – Time of peace or settling of tension during a conflict. Hotline – direct line of communication which was set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the USSR and the USA. Hotline – direct line of communication which was set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the USSR and the USA. MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – Theory which states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear weapon then the other would counter, this would continue until both countries are destroyed. MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – Theory which states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear weapon then the other would counter, this would continue until both countries are destroyed.

36. Marshall Plan Truman believed Communism grew in countries in poverty. Truman believed Communism grew in countries in poverty. Many governments were struggling to rebuild after the war. Many governments were struggling to rebuild after the war. They realised that if they built up Europe now, they could have a trading partner for life and keep it from falling to communism. They realised that if they built up Europe now, they could have a trading partner for life and keep it from falling to communism. Created by General George Marshall Created by General George Marshall

37. Marshall Plan The USA offered money, equipment and goods to states willing to work together to create recovery. The USA offered money, equipment and goods to states willing to work together to create recovery. Included cash machinery, food and technology. Included cash machinery, food and technology. In return, they would agree to buy American goods and allow American to invest capital in their in their industries. In return, they would agree to buy American goods and allow American to invest capital in their in their industries.

38. Results 16 nations set up the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation. 16 nations set up the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation. In 1953 US gave 17 billion In 1953 US gave 17 billion Increased tensions and divide between East and West. Increased tensions and divide between East and West. Stalin prevented Soviet countries from engaging in the plan. Stalin prevented Soviet countries from engaging in the plan.

39. Results Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for their own selfish interests Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for their own selfish interests Plan to dominate Europe and help the American Economy. Plan to dominate Europe and help the American Economy.

40. Short Answer Question: 2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49

42. Berlin Blockade Political Divisions After Potsdam Berlin was divided between West (allied controlled and East USSR controlled. After Potsdam Berlin was divided between West (allied controlled and East USSR controlled. West was capitalist democracy and East was Socialist. West was capitalist democracy and East was Socialist.

43. Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a strong country. Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a strong country. Wouldn’t fall to Communism Wouldn’t fall to Communism Create a trading partner Create a trading partner Act as a shield against the spread of communism in Europe Act as a shield against the spread of communism in Europe

44. Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences USSR wanted a weak Germany that would be incapable of an attack. USSR wanted a weak Germany that would be incapable of an attack. USSR refused to let their zone trade with the Western allied zone (West Berlin) USSR refused to let their zone trade with the Western allied zone (West Berlin)

45. Berlin Blockade Conflict Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they controlled all access to city. Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they controlled all access to city. Believed the Allies had no business in Berlin since it was in the Soviet zone. Believed the Allies had no business in Berlin since it was in the Soviet zone. U.S put up a military base. U.S put up a military base. Capitalist way of life was on show as the U.S tried to make their zone better. Capitalist way of life was on show as the U.S tried to make their zone better.

46. Berlin Blockade In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access to Berlin by the Allies. In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access to Berlin by the Allies. Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin by starving the people. Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin by starving the people. Abandon plans to develop Germany Abandon plans to develop Germany Eventually the people would turn to him and switch to Communism and create one city. Eventually the people would turn to him and switch to Communism and create one city.

47. Berlin Blockade Western Options Ignore and drive through Blockade. Ignore and drive through Blockade. Advantages: 1)Show the Russians the U.S could not be blackmailed. 2)They were the only ones with an A bomb. Disadvantages: 1)High risk of War 2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in Europe.

48. Berlin Blockade Option 2: Pull Out of Berlin Advantages: 1) Avoid any risk of War Disadvantages: 1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for the Western powers. 2) No one trust the Americans in the future to stand against Communism.

49. Berlin Blockade Option 3: Supply West Berlin by Air Advantages: 1)Less risk of War than option 1 Disadvantages: 1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies required daily. 2) Costly to supply by two million people by air.

50. Short Answer 3. and Terms Socialism v. Capitalism Usually 1 party state Usually 1 party state Industry and agriculture owned by the state. People encouraged to work for the common good. Industry and agriculture owned by the state. People encouraged to work for the common good. Classless society with no profit making Classless society with no profit making Elections and more than one political party. Elections and more than one political party. Most industry and agriculture owned by individuals. Most industry and agriculture owned by individuals. They employ workers and keep all profits made. They employ workers and keep all profits made. Profits create classes of people. Profits create classes of people.

51. Terms: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Marx Marx’s View on Capitalism Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to organize society fairly. Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to organize society fairly. Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in society. Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in society. Bourgeoisie are the owners Bourgeoisie are the owners Proletariat are the workers Proletariat are the workers These two classes will continually be in conflict. These two classes will continually be in conflict.

52. Marx’s View on Capitalism Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools etc) Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools etc) They also get all the profits. They also get all the profits. They can reinvest the profits in the company or remove it and pay themselves. They can reinvest the profits in the company or remove it and pay themselves.

53. Marx’s View on Capitalism Proletariat – These are the workers and get paid a wage. Proletariat – These are the workers and get paid a wage. They get no share in Company profits. They get no share in Company profits. At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies. At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies. The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the costs of production and pay as little as possible. The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the costs of production and pay as little as possible.

54. 1 st stage of Communism Revolt Eventually working class (proletariat) will revolt and overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie). Eventually working class (proletariat) will revolt and overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie). They will take over ownership of the means of production (factories, land etc.) They will take over ownership of the means of production (factories, land etc.) This will dissolve all classes and equality will be achieved. This will dissolve all classes and equality will be achieved.

55. Term “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be created to organize the country. A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be created to organize the country. They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is secured from the capitalist. They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is secured from the capitalist. Most “Communist regimes” have only achieved this. Most “Communist regimes” have only achieved this.

56. Question 4. Kennedy’s Options Option 1 Do Nothing He could do nothing and ignore the missiles. He could do nothing and ignore the missiles. This would have been political suicide and if the Russians had seen this as weakness on his part, they could have taken advantage of it. This would have been political suicide and if the Russians had seen this as weakness on his part, they could have taken advantage of it. Lose public support and be seen as a weak president. Lose public support and be seen as a weak president.

57. Option 2 Invasion He could order a full scale military invasion of Cuba. He could order a full scale military invasion of Cuba. This would escalate the problem as there were 22000 Soviet troops there. This would escalate the problem as there were 22000 Soviet troops there. Heavy casualties would look bad on the presidency. Heavy casualties would look bad on the presidency. Did not know where all the sites were or if any were operational and would be fired before they were captured. Did not know where all the sites were or if any were operational and would be fired before they were captured.

58. Option 3 - Air Strike He could order an air strike against the missile bases only. He could order an air strike against the missile bases only. The problem again would be Russian casualties. The problem again would be Russian casualties. Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point bombing raids on what were relatively small targets. Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point bombing raids on what were relatively small targets.

59. Option 4 - Diplomacy He could call on the Russians to remove the missiles explaining the damage their presence was doing to Russian/American relations. He could call on the Russians to remove the missiles explaining the damage their presence was doing to Russian/American relations. However, the Russians were highly unlikely to listen to a ‘polite’ request especially as they even refused to recognise the existence of the missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting on the matter. However, the Russians were highly unlikely to listen to a ‘polite’ request especially as they even refused to recognise the existence of the missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting on the matter.

60. Option 5 - Blockade He could put a naval blockade around the island - quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian ships to enter Cuba. He could put a naval blockade around the island - quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian ships to enter Cuba. This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the negotiations would continue in the background while publically Kennedy would be seen to be doing something specific. This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the negotiations would continue in the background while publically Kennedy would be seen to be doing something specific.

61. Cuban Missile Crisis

62. Short Answer Question 5. Lenin to Stalin Lenin dies from multiple strokes in 1924 Lenin dies from multiple strokes in 1924 Stalin opposed the New Economic Policy of Lenin as it was not Socialism. Stalin opposed the New Economic Policy of Lenin as it was not Socialism. A new class of rich landowners formed called “Kulaks” A new class of rich landowners formed called “Kulaks”

63. Collectivisation Stalin felt he needed to modernise and industrialise. Stalin felt he needed to modernise and industrialise. In order for industrialisation to occur there needs to be modernised farming techniques. In order for industrialisation to occur there needs to be modernised farming techniques. Greater yield from less work would allow farmers to leave land and go work in factories. Greater yield from less work would allow farmers to leave land and go work in factories. Modernisation meant using tractors and machines on large farms Modernisation meant using tractors and machines on large farms

64. Collectivisation Stalin took control of small farms controlled by one family and merged them into large plots of land that supported many families. Stalin took control of small farms controlled by one family and merged them into large plots of land that supported many families. The government then gave them tractors and seeds. The government then gave them tractors and seeds.

65. Industrialisation Stalin’s Aims Security – threatened from Western Nations, needed to modernise the Military Security – threatened from Western Nations, needed to modernise the Military Prove Communism was right Prove Communism was right Control – Stalin needed to control his country so revolutions did not occur Control – Stalin needed to control his country so revolutions did not occur Agriculture – Needed to be able manufacture tractors and farm equipment Agriculture – Needed to be able manufacture tractors and farm equipment

66. Term: 5 Year Plans First plan 1928-32 Increase armaments (military) by mining iron, coal and producing steel. Increase armaments (military) by mining iron, coal and producing steel. Take over all private business Take over all private business 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4 years. 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4 years.

67. 5 year Plan 2 nd Plan 1933 - 37 Concentrated on consumer goods and housing projects. Concentrated on consumer goods and housing projects. Had to be abandoned because of suspicion around Hitler Had to be abandoned because of suspicion around Hitler Went back to producing weapons. Went back to producing weapons.

68. 5 Year Plan 3 rd Plan Focused on luxury goods such as bicycles, and radios that were in other industrialised countries. Focused on luxury goods such as bicycles, and radios that were in other industrialised countries. Also abandoned when Hitler invaded Also abandoned when Hitler invaded

69. Results of 5 Year Plan Output – Soviet Union made huge advances to make it the world’s second largest industrial Power Output – Soviet Union made huge advances to make it the world’s second largest industrial Power New industrial centres and towns were built from scratch in the centre of the Union, protected from invasion New industrial centres and towns were built from scratch in the centre of the Union, protected from invasion See handout See handout

70. Power and transport projects were completed including huge hydroelectric dams Power and transport projects were completed including huge hydroelectric dams Urban Population increased by 29 million. Urban Population increased by 29 million.

71. Stalin’s Dictatorship Stalin used propaganda to create a “cult of Stalin” Stalin used propaganda to create a “cult of Stalin” He had statues and places named after him. (Stalingrad) He had statues and places named after him. (Stalingrad) People had to clap when his name was mentioned in meetings People had to clap when his name was mentioned in meetings

72. Culture and Censorship Stalin reviewed every film and book written to make sure it promoted the country. Stalin reviewed every film and book written to make sure it promoted the country. Stories had to celebrate the common working people and the successes of Communism Stories had to celebrate the common working people and the successes of Communism Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps or “Gulags” Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps or “Gulags”

73. Education Children were taught that Stalin was the “Great Leader” Children were taught that Stalin was the “Great Leader” Students were taught Stalin’s version of History Students were taught Stalin’s version of History Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned Stalin was the only one to be worshipped. Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.

74. Secret Police and Labour Camps Stalin created and expanded his secret police force to search out anyone in opposition to his government. Stalin created and expanded his secret police force to search out anyone in opposition to his government. Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or hard labour. Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or hard labour. Labour camps called Gulags were set up for prisoners. Labour camps called Gulags were set up for prisoners. Millions of people were sent to do forced labour. Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.

75. Purges Stalin was always fearful of losing power. Stalin was always fearful of losing power. Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of any opposition. Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of any opposition. This also helped with labour in mines This also helped with labour in mines

76. Purges 1930-40 Managers and workers that did not meet the five year plans or talked bad about them Managers and workers that did not meet the five year plans or talked bad about them Kulaks that opposed collectivisation Kulaks that opposed collectivisation 1934 Opposition party members 1934 Opposition party members 1935 senior communists that may support Other leaders (Trotsky) 1935 senior communists that may support Other leaders (Trotsky)

77. Purges Ordinary citizens – if someone suspected a neighbour of not supporting the government they could be arrested. Ordinary citizens – if someone suspected a neighbour of not supporting the government they could be arrested. Children were encouraged to tell on their parents. Children were encouraged to tell on their parents. People tortured to confession People tortured to confession 1 million people in Moscow killed 1 million people in Moscow killed

78. Purges and Results 1937 the Red Army – Most senior officers and officials were killed or sent to Gulags. 1937 the Red Army – Most senior officers and officials were killed or sent to Gulags. Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s invasion. Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s invasion. Executed = 1 million Executed = 1 million Died in Camps = 2 million Died in Camps = 2 million In prison = 1 million In prison = 1 million Gulags = 8 million Gulags = 8 million These are figures form one year. These are figures form one year.

79. Results Continued Most of the advantages of Communism was nullified after this. Most of the advantages of Communism was nullified after this. Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers were usually sent to “Gulags” or killed. Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers were usually sent to “Gulags” or killed. People would tell on each other for self interest. People would tell on each other for self interest. Stalin even killed members of his own family. Stalin even killed members of his own family.

80. The Later Cold War 1964-91

81. Vietnam War Before the war France controlled Vietnam, Laos,Cambodia Before the war France controlled Vietnam, Laos,Cambodia Called the area Indo-china Called the area Indo-china People hated the oppressive French rule. People hated the oppressive French rule.

82. WW2 Japan invades Indo-China. Japan invades Indo-China. Group called the Vietminh was set up to resist the Japanese. Group called the Vietminh was set up to resist the Japanese. Led by Ho Chi Minh who was a communist. Led by Ho Chi Minh who was a communist. Allies worked with the Vietminh to get rid of Japanese. Allies worked with the Vietminh to get rid of Japanese.

83. ww2 Two weeks after the end of ww2 the French turn on the Vietminh and tried to regain control. Two weeks after the end of ww2 the French turn on the Vietminh and tried to regain control. China and the USSR help the Vietminh China and the USSR help the Vietminh French are defeated 8 years later at Dien Bien Phu and pull out of Northern Vietnam. French are defeated 8 years later at Dien Bien Phu and pull out of Northern Vietnam.

84. 1954 Geneva Conference Ended war in Vietnam Ended war in Vietnam Independence granted to Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia Independence granted to Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia Vietnam divided between Northern communist Vietminh and Southern Vietnam backed by France and U.S. Vietnam divided between Northern communist Vietminh and Southern Vietnam backed by France and U.S. South ruled by unpopular dictator Diem who was opposed by a communist group, the Vietcong South ruled by unpopular dictator Diem who was opposed by a communist group, the Vietcong

85. Vietcong was supplied by the USSR and China through the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Vietcong was supplied by the USSR and China through the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Popular with the rural people and the force grew to 100,000 troops occupying 40% of the land. Popular with the rural people and the force grew to 100,000 troops occupying 40% of the land. Communism was on the verge of spreading throughout South East Asia. Communism was on the verge of spreading throughout South East Asia.

86. 1964 North Vietnam torpedos US ships in the gulf of Tonkin. 1964 North Vietnam torpedos US ships in the gulf of Tonkin. President Johnson starts bombing the North and sends in US troops to the South. President Johnson starts bombing the North and sends in US troops to the South. Believes it will be a quick war. Believes it will be a quick war.

87. Timeline 1964 Operation Rolling thunder 1964 Operation Rolling thunder Aims to destroy bases, ports and supply lines through bombing. Aims to destroy bases, ports and supply lines through bombing. More bombs dropped here then in all previous wars combined. More bombs dropped here then in all previous wars combined. Troops fight the Vietcong in the South. Troops fight the Vietcong in the South.

88. 1968 Tet offensive 1968 Tet offensive Vietcong conducts surprise attacks on U.S bases. Vietcong conducts surprise attacks on U.S bases. Shows the Vietcong can strike in American held territory. Shows the Vietcong can strike in American held territory. Hurts American morale believe war cannot be won. Hurts American morale believe war cannot be won. Johnson stops bombing and negotiates peace. Johnson stops bombing and negotiates peace.

89. 1969 Vietnamization 1969 Vietnamization Nixon hand over fighting to the South Vietnamese army and pulls out troops. Nixon hand over fighting to the South Vietnamese army and pulls out troops. 1970 US invades Cambodia to sneak attack North Vietnamese bases. Failed 1970 US invades Cambodia to sneak attack North Vietnamese bases. Failed 1971 South Vietnam fails to destroy Ho Chi Minh Trail 1971 South Vietnam fails to destroy Ho Chi Minh Trail 1972 North attacks the South, Nixon reorders bombing of North. 1972 North attacks the South, Nixon reorders bombing of North.

90. 1973 US agrees to ceasefire with the Two Vietnams and Vietcong. 1973 US agrees to ceasefire with the Two Vietnams and Vietcong. Pulls out remaining troops. Pulls out remaining troops. North invades South Vietnam, North invades South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos form Communist governments. Cambodia, and Laos form Communist governments.

91. Unpopular War 1. High level of casualties 50.000 High level of casualties 50.000 300 dying per week 300 dying per week 2. economic cost of 30000000 or half a billion a year in today’s terms. 2. economic cost of 30000000 or half a billion a year in today’s terms. 3. Use of horrific weapons like Napalm and Agent Orange. 3. Use of horrific weapons like Napalm and Agent Orange.

92. 4. Stories of drug addiction among US troops. 4. Stories of drug addiction among US troops. 5. US atrocities – My Lai – US soldiers attack an undefended village raping and killing 300 villagers, mainly women and children. 5. US atrocities – My Lai – US soldiers attack an undefended village raping and killing 300 villagers, mainly women and children. 6. Protests at Kent State University turns violent when Nixon calls in National Guard and they shoot on protesters. 4 Killed. 6. Protests at Kent State University turns violent when Nixon calls in National Guard and they shoot on protesters. 4 Killed.

93. Why was US defeated? Failed to respond to guerilla warfare tactics by vietcong. Failed to respond to guerilla warfare tactics by vietcong. US troops were inexperienced, low morale, avg age of 19. US troops were inexperienced, low morale, avg age of 19. The South army was weak. The South army was weak. US failed to win support of peasants who then helped Vietcong. US failed to win support of peasants who then helped Vietcong. US support lost at home. US support lost at home.

94. Why was Vietcong Successful? High morale, believed they were helping their people against invaders. High morale, believed they were helping their people against invaders. Effective guerilla tactics. Effective guerilla tactics. Backed by China and the USSR using Ho Chi Minh Trail. Backed by China and the USSR using Ho Chi Minh Trail. Hide bases underground away from bombing (300 kms worth) Hide bases underground away from bombing (300 kms worth)